ABSTRACT
The ammonia emissions inventory of Zhejiang Province was established in 2017 using the activity data of various ammonia emission sources, emission factors, and an estimation method. Ammonia emissions for each source and city in Zhejiang Province were analyzed. The spatial distribution and intensity of ammonia emissions in 2017 were mapped using ArcGIS software. The total anthropogenic ammonia emissions in Zhejiang Province in 2017 were 122.00 kt. The farmland ecosystem was the major source of total ammonia emissions (36.06 kt), and nitrogen fertilizer applications was the largest contributor in this category (87.12%), followed by the livestock and poultry source (29.44%). The waste and human-activity sources were the two major non-agricultural sources, accounting for 44.07% and 28.49%, respectively. Hangzhou City had the highest ammonia emissions in 2017, accounting for 17.83% of the total ammonia emissions in Zhejiang Province. However, the ammonia emission intensity in Jiaxing City was the highest, reaching 3.82 t ·km-2. The spatial distribution map revealed that ammonia emissions in the northern and southeastern Zhejiang were relatively higher, while ammonia emission intensity was higher in the northern and northeastern region.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants , Ammonia , Air Pollutants/analysis , Ammonia/analysis , Animals , Cities , Ecosystem , Environmental Monitoring , HumansABSTRACT
To gain a better understanding of the day-night variation characteristics of water-soluble ions, PM2.5 samples were continuously collected for two months in the Nanjing Jiangbei New Area during winter. The diurnal variation and sources of water-soluble ions were studied. Results showed that the mass concentration of water-soluble ions ranged from 17.07 µg·m-3 to 168.43 µg·m-3 with a mean value of (59.01±30.75) µg·m-3. The average mass concentration of water-soluble ions in daytime was higher than that in the nighttime. The concentration ratio of NO3- and NH4+ to total ion concentrations was higher at night, while SO42- and Cl- were higher during daytime. SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ (SNA) were the dominant species of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Nanjing. The mass concentration of SNA on polluted days was higher than that on clean days. The ratio of the anion-cation balance (AE/CE) was larger than 1, indicating that the PM2.5 was acidic. There was a significant linear correlation between NH4+ with NO3- and SO42-, indicating that it occurred mainly in the form of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 in PM2.5. The PMF source apportionment indicated that water-soluble ions of PM2.5 were mainly derived from motor vehicle emissions, fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and dust in the Nanjing Jiangbei New Area.
ABSTRACT
According to activity level data of various ammonia emission sources in Jiangsu Province, using a reasonable inventory calculation method and emission factor, an ammonia emission inventory in Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2017 was established, and the trend of anthropogenic ammonia emissions over these years was analyzed. The distribution characteristics of anthropogenic ammonia emissions and emission intensity in Jiangsu Province were analyzed using ArcGIS software. The results showed that the ammonia emissions in Jiangsu Province decreased from 624.84 kt in 2013 to 562.47 kt in 2017 with an average annual rate of decline of approximately 2.6%. Agricultural has always been the most important source of ammonia emissions in Jiangsu Province and accounted for 82.4% of the total ammonia emissions in 2017. Laying hens are the largest source of ammonia emissions from livestock and poultry sources, accounting for 49.3% of the ammonia emissions from livestock and poultry. The average ammonia emission intensity in Jiangsu Province was 5.3 t·km-2 in 2017. Yancheng and Xuzhou are two cities with the largest anthropogenic ammonia emissions and emission intensity in Jiangsu Province. Zhenjiang City has the lowest ammonia emission and emission intensity.
