Identification of the CsFtsH genes from Camellia sinensis reveals its potential role in leaf color phenotype.

The filamentation temperature-sensitive H (FtsH) metalloprotease participates in the chloroplast photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle, playing a crucial role in regulating leaf coloration. However, the evolutionary history and biological function of the FtsH family in albino tea plants are still unknown. In this study, 35 CsFtsH members, including 7 CsFtsH-like (CsFtsHi1-CsFtsHi7) proteins, mapping onto 11 chromosomes in 6 subgroups, were identified in the 'Shuchazao2' tea genome, and their exon/intron structure, domain characteristics, collinearity, protein interaction network, and secondary structure were comprehensively analyzed. Furthermore, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that the expression levels of CsFtsH1/2/5/8 were significantly positively correlated with the leaf color of tea plants. The subcellular localization revealed that they were located in the chloroplast. The transgenic Arabidopsis has demonstrated that CsFtsH2 and CsFtsH5 could restore the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence intensity in var1 and var2 mutants, respectively. Moreover, protein-protein interactions have confirmed that CsFtsH1 with CsFtsH5, and CsFtsH2 with CsFtsH8 could form a hetero-comples and function in chloroplasts. In summary, this study aims to not only increase the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of CsFtsH but also to provide a solid and detailed theoretical foundation for the breeding of albino tea plant varieties.

Aptamer-Protein Interactions: From Regulation to Biomolecular Detection.

Serving as the basis of cell life, interactions between nucleic acids and proteins play essential roles in fundamental cellular processes. Aptamers are unique single-stranded oligonucleotides generated by in vitro evolution methods, possessing the ability to interact with proteins specifically. Altering the structure of aptamers will largely modulate their interactions with proteins and further affect related cellular behaviors. Recently, with the in-depth research of aptamer-protein interactions, the analytical assays based on their interactions have been widely developed and become a powerful tool for biomolecular detection. There are some insightful reviews on aptamers applied in protein detection, while few systematic discussions are from the perspective of regulating aptamer-protein interactions. Herein, we comprehensively introduce the methods for regulating aptamer-protein interactions and elaborate on the detection techniques for analyzing aptamer-protein interactions. Additionally, this review provides a broad summary of analytical assays based on the regulation of aptamer-protein interactions for detecting biomolecules. Finally, we present our perspectives regarding the opportunities and challenges of analytical assays for biological analysis, aiming to provide guidance for disease mechanism research and drug discovery.

The Establishment of a Genetic Transformation System and the Acquisition of Transgenic Plants of Oriental Hybrid Lily (Lilium L.).

Lily (Lilium spp.) has elegant flowers and beautiful colors, which makes it popular among people. However, the poor stress resistance and self-propagation ability of lily limit its application in landscaping to a great extent. In addition, transgenic technology is an important means to improve plant characteristics, but the lack of a stable and efficient genetic transformation system is still an important factor restricting the development of lily transgenic technology. Therefore, this study established a good lily regeneration system by screening different explants and plant growth regulators of different concentrations. Then, the genetic transformation system of lily was optimized by screening the critical concentration of antibiotics, the concentration of bacterial solution, and the infection time. Finally, the homologous lily cold resistance gene LlNAC2 and bulblet generation gene LaKNOX1 were successfully transferred to 'Siberia' and 'Sorbonne' to obtain lily transgenic lines. The results showed that when the stem axis was used as explant in 'Siberia', the induction rate was as high as 87%. The induction rate of 'Sorbonne' was as high as 91.7% when the filaments were used as explants. At the same time, in the optimized genetic transformation system, the transformation rate of 'Siberia' and 'Sorbonne' was up to 60%. In conclusion, this study provides the theoretical basis and technical support for improving the resistance and reproductive ability of Oriental lily and the molecular breeding of lily.

The Influence of Teacher-Student Interaction on the Effects of Online Learning: Based on a Serial Mediating Model.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, online education has become an important approach to learning in the information era and an important research topic in the field of educational technology as well as that of education in general. Teacher-student interaction in online education is an important factor affecting students' learning performance. This study employed a questionnaire survey to explore the influence of teacher-student interaction on learning effects in online education as well as the mediating role of psychological atmosphere and learning engagement. The study involved 398 college students studying at Chinese universities as the research object. Participants filled out a self-report questionnaire. The study found that (1) the level of teacher-student interaction positively affected students' learning effects (r = 0.649, p < 0.01). (2) The psychological atmosphere mediated the positive effect of the level of teacher-student interaction on learning effects with mediating effect value of 0.1248. (3) Learning engagement mediated the positive effect of teacher-student interaction on learning effects with a mediating effect value of 0.1539. (4) The psychological atmosphere and learning engagement play a chain-mediating role in the mechanism of teacher-student interaction affecting students' learning effects; that is, teacher-student interaction promotes students' learning engagement by creating a good psychological atmosphere, which, in turn, influences learning effects. The mediating effect value was 0.0403. The results indicate that teacher-student interaction not only directly affects students' learning effects but also influences students' learning effects through the mediating effect of the psychological atmosphere and learning engagement.