Enhancing Inactivated Yellow Fever 17D Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses in Balb/C Mice Using Alum/CpG.

There are some concerns about the safety of live attenuated yellow fever vaccines (YF-live), particularly viscerotropic adverse events, which have a high mortality rate. The cellular production of the vaccine will not cause these adverse effects and has the potential to extend applicability to those who have allergic reactions, immunosuppression, and age. In this study, inactivated yellow fever (YF) was prepared and adsorbed with Alum/CpG. The cellular and humoral immunities were investigated in a mouse model. The results showed that Alum/CpG (20 µg/mL) could significantly increase the binding and neutralizing activities of the antibodies against YF. Moreover, the antibody level at day 28 after one dose was similar to that of the attenuated vaccine, but significantly higher after two doses. At the same time, Alum/CpG significantly increased the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines.

Microscopic study of ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction effects on vascular smooth muscle cells.

OBJECTIVE: To observe vascular smooth muscle cell morphological changes induced by ultrasound combined with microbubbles by Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy (AFAM). METHODS: A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells were divided into groups: control group (without ultrasonic irradiation, no micro bubbles) and US+MB group (45 kHz, 0.4 W/cm(2) ultrasound irradiate for 20 seconds with a SonoVue™ concentration of [(56-140)×10(5)/mL]. Cell micro-morphological changes (such as topographic and acoustic prognosis) were detected, before and after ultrasound destruction by AFAM. RESULTS: In cell morphology, smooth muscle cells were spread o and connected to each another by fibers. At the center of the cell, the nuclear area had a rough surface and was significantly elevated from its surroundings. The cytoskeletal structure of the reticular nucleus and cytoplasm in the morphology of A7r5 cells (20 µ m × 20 µ m) were clear before microbubble intervention. After acoustic exciting, the cell structure details of the acoustic image were improved with better resolution, showing the elasticity of different tissues. In the acoustic image, the nucleus was harder, more flexible and uneven compared with the cytoplasm. Many strong various-sized echo particles were stuck on the rough nuclear membrane's substrate surface. The nuclear membrane did not have a continuous smooth surface; there were many obstructions (pores). After ultrasound-intervention was combined with microbubbles, the dark areas of the A7r5 cell images was increased in various sizes and degrees. The dark areas showed the depth or low altitudes of the lower regions, suggesting regional depressions. However, the location and scope of the acoustic image dark areas were not similar to those found in the topographic images. Therefore, it was likely that the dark areas, both from the topographic and acoustic images, were sound-holes. In addition, some cell nuclei become round in different degrees after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: Atomic force microscopy and acoustic excitation method can noninvasively and completely display a cell's structure, connections and elastic properties at a nano scale in just several minutes. The dark areas, both from the topographic and acoustic images, may be sound-holes; therefore, it would be helpful if these sound-holes were found. These findings provide a relationship between cell apoptosis after ultrasound and microbubble ultrasound irradiation, and the sound-hole effect.