ABSTRACT
Inflammatory cytokines participate in the pathology of epilepsy and the development of drug resistance. In this study, we combined a cytokine array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify new cytokines in the plasma from children on early stage of the onset of epilepsy (EOE) and children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Compared with healthy controls, a broad up-regulation of cytokines was observed in patients with EOE, and many of the cytokines were not previously reported. In patients with DRE, most of these up-regulated cytokines maintained at relatively low levels close to those in controls; only a few of them, including CCL5, Serpin E1, and IGFBP2, remained at high levels. The dramatic difference in cytokine profile could be a strong clue for the incidence of DRE, and DRE-associated cytokines appeared to have the potential to be new biomarkers for epilepsy prognosis and therapeutic targets.
ABSTRACT
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are being implicated in the development of many cancers. Here, we report the discovery of a critical role for the lncRNA GCASPC in determining the progression of gallbladder cancer. Differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs between gallbladder cancer specimens and paired adjacent nontumor tissues from five patients were identified and validated by an expression microarray analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure GCASPC levels in tissues from 42 gallbladder cancer patients, and levels of GCASPC were confirmed further in a separate cohort of 89 gallbladder cancer patients. GCASPC was overexpressed or silenced in several gallbladder cancer cell lines where molecular and biological analyses were performed. GCASPC levels were significantly lower in gallbladder cancer than adjacent nontumor tissues and were associated with tumor size, American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor stage, and patient outcomes. GCASPC overexpression suppressed cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, whereas GCASPC silencing had opposite effects. By RNA pull-down and mass spectrometry, we identified pyruvate carboxylase as an RNA-binding protein that associated with GCASPC. Because GCASPC is a target of miR-17-3p, we confirmed that both miR-17-3p and GCASPC downregulated pyruvate carboxylase level and activity by limiting protein stability. Taken together, our results defined a novel mechanism of lncRNA-regulated cell proliferation in gallbladder cancer, illuminating a new basis for understanding its pathogenicity. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5361-71. ©2016 AACR.
Subject(s)
Gallbladder Neoplasms/genetics , Gallbladder Neoplasms/pathology , MicroRNAs/genetics , RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics , Blotting, Western , Cell Proliferation/physiology , Gallbladder Neoplasms/mortality , Gene Knockdown Techniques , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Immunoprecipitation , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Mass Spectrometry , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Pyruvate Carboxylase/metabolism , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
The impact of cellular oxidative stress in promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been noticed. Our previous study shows that SENP3, a redox-sensitive SUMO2/3-specific protease, accumulates in a variety of cancers, but whether SENP3 and SUMOylation involve in the regulation of EMT is unclear. The present study uncovers a novel role of SENP3 in promoting the EMT process in gastric cancer via regulating an EMT-inducing transcription factor, forkhead box C2 (FOXC2). We demonstrate that the expression of mesenchymal marker genes and cell migration ability are enhanced in SENP3-overexpressing gastric cancer cells and attenuated in SENP3-knockdown cells. A nude mouse model and a set of patient's specimens suggest the correlation between SENP3 and gastric cancer metastasis. Biochemical assays identify FOXC2 as a substrate of SENP3. Meanwhile N-cadherin is verified as a target gene of FOXC2, which is transcriptionally activated by a SUMO-less FOXC2. Additionally, reactive oxygen species-induced de-SUMOylation of FOXC2 can be blocked by silencing endogenous SENP3. In conclusion, SENP3, which is increased in gastric cancer cells, potentiates the transcriptional activity of FOXC2 through de-SUMOylation, in favor of the induction of specific mesenchymal gene expression in gastric cancer metastasis.
