Peer evaluation of teaching programs within pharmacy education: A review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Student evaluations of teaching are one method to evaluate faculty teaching, but alone may have bias. Peer evaluation of teaching represents an important approach in assessing and providing feedback to faculty, however, numerous strategies exist for implementation. This review was conducted to identify existing peer evaluation of teaching programs and to describe their development, implementation, and outcomes. METHODS: A literature search was conducted through January 2023 using the following search terms alone or in combination: peer evaluation, peer evaluation of teaching, peer review of teaching, pharmacy, pharmacy education, teaching evaluation, peer assessment. Articles were included that described and evaluated the development and/or specific outcomes of individual peer evaluation of teaching programs in the didactic setting within pharmacy education. RESULTS: Eight articles were identified for review; six described peer evaluation of teaching in individual programs and two described components of the same program. Classroom observation was the core component of all programs and some but not all programs included pre- and/or post-observation meetings. Outcomes of programs included perception of participants via survey in seven studies with generally positive perceptions noted. Time burden was the most common concern noted for the implementation of the peer evaluation programs. IMPLICATIONS: Limited literature exists describing peer evaluation of teaching programs and outcomes within in pharmacy education. Peer evaluation processes are individualized and vary across institutions. Opportunities exist to develop time-efficient programs to further assess the outcomes of peer evaluation of teaching and compare with student evaluations or other tools to evaluate education quality.

Safety and Efficacy of Indomethacin for Reducing Chest Tube Duration After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery.

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) contain a boxed warning for use in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery due to increased risk of thrombotic events, but recent research has challenged the assumption that these risks are a class effect. One anecdotal indication for NSAIDs in CABG is reducing chest tube output. Objective: The primary objective of this retrospective study was to determine whether indomethacin was associated with reduced duration of chest tube insertion after CABG surgery, defined as total chest tube duration in controls versus duration of chest tube insertion after the first dose of indomethacin in the treatment group. Secondary objectives were comparisons of daily reductions in chest tube output volume, length of stay, and safety between groups. Methods: In this retrospective, single-center case-control review, adult patients who received indomethacin after CABG were matched 1:1 to control patients based on age, sex, concomitant valve surgery, and, when possible, diabetes status. Results: Thirty-two patients were included. The mean age was 56 years and 75% were men. The primary outcome measure was 94 hours among control patients and 82.8 hours among indomethacin patients (P = 0.041). Insignificant mean reductions in daily chest tube output were observed prior to and after indomethacin initiation (38.7 vs 87.7 mL/day, P > 0.05). Conclusion: In this small, single-center study, indomethacin appeared safe and possibly effective for reducing chest tube duration after CABG surgery. Future large, prospective, randomized studies should be conducted to confirm the results.

Evaluating the Impact of Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences on Student Pharmacist Metacognition.

Objective. To assess factors impacting metacognition during the advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) year (final year of the Doctor of Pharmacy program) for student pharmacists at five different institutions.Methods. Student pharmacists completed a pre- and post-APPE year survey that collected data on demographics, curricular and co-curricular experiences, and the 19-item modified metacognition assessment inventory (MAI). Additionally, the post-APPE survey collected data on learning activities completed during the APPE year. Matched survey responses were analyzed to identify associations between change in MAI score and individual experiences.Results. One hundred thirty-nine matched responses were analyzed. A significant improvement in overall student pharmacist metacognition was seen in matched pre- vs post-APPEs surveys. Several significant, moderate to weak correlations were associated with a change in MAI score over the APPE year.Conclusion. The APPE year resulted in a significant change in student pharmacists' metacognition at five institutions. This improvement was multifactorial as individual factors had minimal association with the change in metacognition.

Effectiveness of Journal Club Activities Versus Clinical Debate Activities in Pharmacy Experiential Education.

Objective. Within pharmacy experiential education, practicing literature evaluation skills usually occurs via journal clubs. Clinical debates have gained traction as an engaging alternative to journal club meetings while completing advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). The purpose of this study was to compare clinical knowledge and literature evaluation application between journal clubs and clinical debates during APPEs.Methods. This mixed-methods prospective study was conducted in fourth year pharmacy students completing inpatient general medicine APPEs at four institutions. Students participated in a journal club and clinical debate during their experience. Students completed a 10-item knowledge assessment after each activity. Differences in journal club and clinical debate assessment scores were analyzed. Following completion of both activities, a perception survey was administered to gauge preferences and opinions. Differences in perception survey scores for journal clubs compared to clinical debates were evaluated quantitatively, and a thematic analysis was completed for qualitative responses.Results. Fifty students participated in both activities. There were no differences between journal club and clinical debate assessment scores (57.4%±21.0% and 62.9%±20.7%, respectively). Forty students completed the post-perceptions survey and globally agreed or strongly agreed that both journal clubs and clinical debates improved confidence in literature evaluation and clinical skills. Common themes identified included applicability to pharmacists' roles and need for clear instructions and examples.Conclusion. There was no significant difference between student performance on knowledge assessments of journal clubs and clinical debates, and students found both activities to be beneficial. Clinical debates are a reasonable alternative to journal clubs to improve pharmacy students' knowledge and literature evaluation skills.

Safety and Efficacy of Apixaban Use in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Review of the Literature.

Objective: To review the safety and efficacy of apixaban for the treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Data Sources: A PubMed and MEDLINE search was conducted through December 2020 using the following keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms alone or in various combinations: apixaban, peritoneal dialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, end-stage renal disease, and hemodialysis. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language studies evaluating clinical outcomes pertaining to the use of apixaban in end stage renal disease (ESRD), which included patients receiving peritoneal dialysis were eligible for inclusion. Data Synthesis: Four studies were identified that met inclusion for this review, all retrospective in nature. These studies compared the safety and efficacy of apixaban with standard therapy in ESRD included patients on dialysis, with a very limited number of subjects receiving PD. In these studies, apixaban was shown to be potentially safer and more effective than warfarin. Outcomes did not differentiate between patients receiving PD or not. Conclusions: Use of apixaban in patients receiving PD may be safe and effective based on data from limited patients. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban in the PD setting is an important question that clinicians should consider with use of this medication in the ESRD population. More studies focusing on the PD population are needed to better assess the use of apixaban in this understudied population.

Lessons learned pivoting to a virtual OSCE: Pharmacy faculty and student perspectives.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In-person Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are used as assessments in most pharmacy programs, however, reports of virtual OSCEs and skills assessments are limited. With a pivot to virtual OSCEs necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to consider core competencies assessed as well as logistics, technology, and other factors. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: The virtual redesign of a Capstone OSCE for third professional year pharmacy students at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. FINDINGS: Core components of pivoting an in-person Capstone OSCE to virtual included an initial assessment of what was planned, what competencies were being assessed, and how this could be accomplished in the virtual realm. Key stakeholders such as students, testing and evaluation services, and faculty were included in the planning process. In addition to changes in OSCE delivery, grading processes and remediation were also modified. SUMMARY: This Capstone OSCE merged virtual education and skills-based assessments together out of necessity and provides an example of flexibility and nimbleness in times of great change. Although further assessment is needed, processes used and lessons learned are helpful for future, intentional planning of virtual or partially virtual skills assessments.

A Review of Development Initiatives for Pharmacy Student and Resident Preceptors.

Objective. To review the published literature describing and evaluating pharmacy student and resident preceptor development. Findings. Database searches yielded 32 published articles on pharmacy preceptor development: 22 for experiential preceptors, eight for resident preceptors, and two encompassing both experiential and resident preceptors. The identified articles covered a variety of preceptor development strategies, including live, web-based, and multifaceted approaches, which were disseminated via analytical studies, needs assessment surveys, and descriptive reports. In analytical studies, the evaluation methods most commonly used were preceptor pre- and post-perception surveys. Summary. Preceptor development strategies vary among pharmacy schools and residency programs. The evaluation methods used also varied, and there is a lack of evidence-based practices related to preceptor development. Preceptor development should be tailored based on preceptor type and program needs. An opportunity exists to further evaluate which strategies are most effective for improving precepting techniques, with an ultimate goal of delineating best practices for pharmacy preceptor development.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Metolazone Compared to Chlorothiazide for Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

Treatment of volume overload in the setting of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is typically achieved through the use of loop diuretics. While they are highly effective, some patients may develop loop diuretic resistance. One strategy to overcome this scenario includes sequential nephron blockade with a thiazide-type diuretic; however, it is unknown which thiazide-type diuretic used in this setting is most effective. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the efficacy and safety of chlorothiazide with metolazone as add-on therapy in the setting of loop diuretic resistance for the treatment of ADHF. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct from inception through February 2020 using the following search terms alone or in combination: metolazone, chlorothiazide, acute decompensated heart failure, loop diuretic, and urine output. All English-language prospective and retrospective trials and abstracts comparing metolazone to chlorothiazide for the treatment of ADHF were evaluated. Studies were included if they analyzed urine output for at least 24 hours in patients with ADHF. Meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate pooled effect size by using a random-effect model. Primary outcomes included net and total urine output. Secondary outcomes included commonly reported safety outcomes. Four studies comparing the use of metolazone to chlorothiazide as an adjunct to loop diuretics to treat ADHF were included in the evaluation. Metolazone was as effective as chlorothiazide to augment loop diuretic therapy in ADHF in most studies with no pooled difference in net or total urine output. However, there were notable differences in baseline loop diuretic dosing, ejection fraction, renal function, race, and endpoint timing across studies. Adverse effects were commonly observed and included electrolyte abnormalities, change in renal function, and hypotension but were comparable between groups. Metolazone is as effective as chlorothiazide as add-on to loop diuretics in treating ADHF without an increase in safety concerns.

Statin Effects on Incidence, Treatment Success, and Mortality of Clostridium difficile Infections.

PURPOSE: To review the effects of statin use in patients at risk for or diagnosed with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) on CDI incidence, treatment success, and mortality. METHODS: A literature search was performed through January 2019 using the following terms: statins, HMG-CoA inhibitors, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, and Clostridium difficile infection. Additional references were identified from a review of literature citations. Studies evaluating statin effects on C difficile-related outcomes were included. RESULTS: A total of 8 studies were identified for inclusion in this review. All studies were retrospective. Five studies reported the association between statin use and the development of CDI, suggesting that statins may decrease risk of CDI development in patients already on statin. In one study, there was an improved treatment response against CDI with the use of statin. Three retrospective studies evaluated statin use and mortality from CDI and only one study found significant mortality benefit in statin users. CONCLUSIONS: Statin use may have a protective effect against the development of CDI and improve CDI treatment success; however, it is unclear if use confers a mortality benefit. Current data remain sparse and larger, prospective studies are needed to confirm current results and identify the specific population that may benefit the most from this intervention.

A systematic approach to team creation and peer evaluation in a large classroom setting.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited data to support a particular method for optimal team creation in pharmacy education. We aimed to implement and evaluate a systematic approach to team creation and compare the impact on team dynamics to teams created via random selection. METHODS: Two concurrent courses were used to assess team creation methods. Student-specific variables were used for team creation in one course while another course utilized teams created via random allocation. Each course conducted similar peer evaluations to provide feedback and assess team dynamics. A matched pre- and post-course survey assessed changes in student perceptions of team creation and peer evaluation. Student-perceived team effectiveness and individual coursework performance were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 109 students were enrolled in each of the two courses, with 98% and 93% providing evaluation of team dynamics within the intervention and control methods, respectively. Students perceived better team effectiveness in intervention-created groups in relation to decreased task (p < 0.01), relationship (p < 0.01), and process conflict (p < 0.01), along with increased task attraction (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in student performance on individual examinations team creation methods (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: A systematic approach to team creation improved student-perceived team dynamics with no significant impact on coursework scores. A systematic approach to team creation via a web-based platform is feasible in a large classroom setting and may provide an avenue for assessment approaches related to teamwork and team dynamics.

Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Chronic Liver Disease.

Objective: To review the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Data Sources: A MEDLINE literature search was performed from 1964 through February 2019 using the following search terms: cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, direct oral anticoagulant, and the individual DOACs. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language human trials and reports that examined DOACs for treatment or prevention of venous thromboembolic (VTE) events in patients with CLD were included. Data Synthesis: A total of 6 clinical trials examining the use of DOACs in patients with CLD were identified. All DOACs have been utilized in patients with CLD, with the exception of betrixaban, for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation or treatment of VTE (except for treatment of pulmonary embolism). The studies primarily evaluated patients with mild to moderate liver disease (Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A and B). The DOACs had similar rates of bleeding compared with traditional anticoagulants. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This review evaluates and summarizes the available evidence on DOACs in the setting of CLD. These agents may be more appealing in this population because monitoring or administration may be difficult with traditional anticoagulants (warfarin or low-molecular-weight heparins). Conclusion: Early data suggest that DOACs may be safe in patients with mild to moderate CLD. Should a DOAC be selected as an alternative to traditional anticoagulants, more frequent monitoring should be used because hepatotoxicity may be a concern. Larger clinical trials are needed to address efficacy outcomes as well as differences among individual DOACs in this population.

Pharmacy educator evaluation of web-based learning.

BACKGROUND: Web-based learning (WBL), instruction facilitated through the Internet, has demonstrated utility in classroom and clinical education settings; however, there is a void of literature about the use of WBL by clinical educators within pharmacy. The purpose of this research is to evaluate a WBL initiative within clinical pharmacy education. METHODS: Based on the results of a pilot survey, 10 asynchronous WBL clinical modules (videos and interactive patient cases) were developed for pharmacy educators and students in clinical education affiliated with two schools of pharmacy in the midwest USA. A 21-item, cross-sectional, electronic survey was administered to pharmacy educators within acute and primary care to assess the use of WBL within clinical pharmacy education. RESULTS: Of the 115 eligible clinical educators, 69 participated in the survey (60% response rate), with the majority working within acute care; 38% of educators encouraged the use of WBL. Respondents not using WBL stated a lack of awareness (48%) or existing student time commitments (33%) as reasons. For educators encouraging WBL, 87% agreed that it enhanced student clinical knowledge, 68% stated that it decreased direct instruction time commitments and 100% stated they would encourage its use for future clinical education. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical pharmacy educators reported that the WBL initiative resulted in a perceived stronger student clinical foundation, and all pharmacy educators using WBL encouraged its continued use for future clinical education. Web-based learning provides clinical educators with a learning tool to augment clinical experiences by reinforcing student knowledge, at the same time minimising direct instruction time.

Efficacy and Safety of Appetite-Stimulating Medications in the Inpatient Setting.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalized patients are subject to acute illness and stress which may impact appetite or weight. Loss of appetite may lead to increased morbidity or mortality. Medications such as dronabinol, megestrol, and mirtazapine are used for weight gain in the outpatient setting; however, there is limited information about safety or effectiveness when initiated inpatient. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effectiveness and safety of appetite-stimulating medications in hospitalized patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients initiated on dronabinol, megestrol, or mirtazapine for appetite. The primary outcome was change in meal intake between drug initiation and discontinuation. Secondary outcomes included documented improvement in appetite, change in weight and various laboratory parameters, and incidence of adverse effects. RESULTS: A total of 38 patients met inclusion criteria, and mirtazapine was most commonly used (42%). There was no significant difference between groups of appetite-stimulating medications with regard to mean change in meal intake, weight, albumin, or documented improvement in diet. Within groups, each agent showed numerical improvement in percentage meal intake, with a mean change from initiation to discontinuation of 17.12%. Almost half (48%) of the patients experienced improvement in diet after the start of medications. No serious adverse effects were observed. Conclusion and Relevance: In inpatients, there was no difference in change in meal intake or weight between dronabinol, megestrol, or mirtazapine, but they may show numerical improvements in meal intake. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the use of dronabinol, megestrol, and mirtazapine initiated in the inpatient setting.

Progressive disclosure cases: The design and evaluation of use in multiple therapeutics courses.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Case-based learning is used frequently throughout pharmacy education. Although beneficial, stand-alone cases may result in segmented learning that does not simulate realistic longitudinal patient care. We report the development, implementation, and evaluation of a longitudinal progressive disclosure case surrounding a single patient spanning two different therapeutics courses. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: A patient case was developed surrounding topics in two third professional year therapeutics courses occurring sequentially in the same semester. Changes to the patient's status were provided to students longitudinally via "disclosures." Students were assessed via quizzes and written assessment and plans. Students completed four perceptions of confidence surveys via a four-point Likert Scale. Surveys included questions surrounding confidence in areas of the pharmacists' patient care process (PPCP) before and after courses utilizing the progressive disclosure case. Case assessment grades were used to evaluate the impact on student performance on course examinations. Students also completed a survey on final perceptions of the activity. FINDINGS: Seventy students were enrolled in the two courses participating in the progressive disclosure case and there were 50 (71.4%) matched, completed surveys completed for analysis. Significant improvements were seen in several questions surrounding confidence in the areas of the PPCP between the beginning and conclusion of courses that contained the progressive disclosure case. No correlation between case activity grades and examination performance was found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Overall, student confidence in patient care skills associated with information collection, assessment, plan design, and monitoring improved with the use of progressive disclosure cases within two sequential therapeutics courses.

Glycemic Management in the Bariatric Surgery Population: A Review of the Literature.

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic often complicated by multiple comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bariatric surgery is an increasingly common and effective weight-loss strategy for obese patients that may result in resolution of metabolic-related disease states, such as T2DM. Although bariatric surgery has many positive outcomes for patients, dietary and pathophysiologic changes can create difficult-to-control blood glucose, especially in the immediate perioperative setting. Depending on oral antidiabetic agent and insulin needs preoperatively, many patients require cessation of oral agents and reduction or cessation of insulin. Unfortunately, despite available perioperative bariatric surgery guidelines, no specific recommendations for perioperative oral antidiabetic agent or insulin management exist. The purpose of this article is to review the current body of evidence for blood glucose management in the setting of bariatric surgery. An English-language PubMed and MEDLINE search was conducted from 1964 through March 2018 using the following search terms alone and in various combinations: bariatric surgery, gastric banding, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), glucose management, insulin, and oral antidiabetic agent. Five articles were identified evaluating insulin management in the perioperative bariatric surgery setting, which were separated into two categories: immediate perioperative insulin management and long-term postoperative insulin management. Overall, various blood glucose management insulin protocols were evaluated. All studies included some type of insulin reduction in the perioperative setting. No studies identified specifically evaluated down-titration or discontinuation of oral antidiabetic agents. Given the lack of specific guideline recommendations, limitations of standardized insulin protocols, and inconsistency of outcomes studied, perioperative insulin at reduced doses compared to previous maintenance doses coupled with frequent blood glucose monitoring is reasonable. An opportunity exists for successful protocols to be addressed in future, larger studies.

Continuous Infusion Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Perioperative Pain Management.

PURPOSE: To review the use of continuous infusion (CI) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as an alternative modality for pain control in surgical patient populations. METHODS: A PubMed and MEDLINE search was conducted from 1964 through February 2016 using the following search terms alone or in combinations: continuous, infusion, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, and surgery. All English-language, prospective and retrospective, adult and pediatric studies evaluating intravenous or intramuscular CI NSAIDs for surgical pain were evaluated for inclusion in this review. RESULTS: Twenty four prospective and retrospective publications evaluating CI NSAIDs were identified: 12 in abdominal surgery, 7 in orthopedic surgery, and 5 in pediatric surgery. Specific CI NSAIDs utilized included diclofenac, indomethacin, ketoprofen, and ketorolac. Most studies compared the CI NSAID to placebo or an alternative analgesic and evaluated pain control, supplemental opioid use, and related adverse effects. In these surgical populations, CI NSAIDs decreased opioid consumption, alongside provision of adequate pain control. While long-term adverse effects were rarely collected, a decrease in nausea and sedation was often seen with the CI NSAID groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the abdominal, orthopedic, and pediatric surgical populations, CI NSAIDs represent a feasible alternative modality for perioperative pain control.

Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Cardioversion: A Review of Current Evidence.

OBJECTIVE: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are recommended for the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban represent possible alternatives to warfarin in the setting of cardioversion. A literature review was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of DOAC use pericardioversion. DATA SOURCES: A PubMed and MEDLINE search through August 2017 was conducted using the following search terms alone or in various combinations: dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, betrixaban, DOAC, NOAC, TSOAC, cardioversion. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All English-language, human studies comparing the safety and efficacy of DOACs with that of other anticoagulants in the setting of cardioversion were eligible for inclusion. References from published articles were reviewed for additional relevant citations for study inclusion. Four retrospective and 2 prospective trials comparing DOACs with warfarin were identified. DATA SYNTHESIS: The majority of studies included patients undergoing electric cardioversion. Based on current evidence, the DOACs perform similarly to warfarin in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism, and bleeding rates are comparable. CONCLUSIONS: DOACs may be an attractive alternative to warfarin because of fast onset of action, potentially reducing delay to cardioversion. More robust studies are needed in patients with renal dysfunction and patients undergoing pharmacological cardioversion.

Pharmacy residents as primary educators within a professional pharmacy elective.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a course change from a faculty-led professional pharmacy elective to a primarily pharmacy resident-led course on student satisfaction and learning. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: In 2014, pharmacy residents were transitioned into primary teaching roles in a drug-induced diseases elective to increase student exposure to residents and different teaching styles. Student learning roles did not change. Course evaluations and grades were compared between the resident-led year and prior year. FINDINGS: There was no significant difference between overall course grades during the resident-led year (94.2 ± 36.6 in 2014 vs. 94.1 ± 2.7 in 2013; p=0.975). Course evaluations were similar to the previous year and students provided favorable feedback. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY: This pharmacy resident-led elective allowed for resident integration in to an interactive professional elective. Student satisfaction with the course remained similar to the previous year and overall course grades did not differ.

Pharmacy resident-led student mentoring program: A focus on developing mentoring skills.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Formalized mentoring programs are often credited for influencing professional development of mentees. Unfortunately, little information exists regarding advancement of mentoring skills. We report the development and evaluation of a program to cultivate mentoring skills in pharmacy residents. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: Advanced pharmacy practice experience students and pharmacy residents were contacted for program participation. Resident mentors were paired with a student mentee for the program. Mentors were provided resources and support throughout the program. Sessions were held to facilitate mentoring relationships and to discuss professional development topics. Pre- and post-perception surveys were administered to mentors to measure changes in mentoring comfort and ability. Only matched pre- and post-surveys were included for analysis. The program was held and evaluated over two separate academic years FINDINGS: Fifty-three residents mentored 54 students over two cycles of the program. Mentors' matched perception surveys (n = 26) reported increased comfort in mentoring (p < 0.001), increased confidence in delivery of subjective content (p < 0.001), increased comfort in providing written and oral feedback (p = 0.013), and increased effectiveness in provision of written and oral feedback (p = 0.004 and p = 0.013 respectively). Mentors also reported heightened belief that serving as a student mentor will be beneficial to their long-term career goals (p = 0.034). DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY: Overall, this formal resident-led student mentoring program improved resident comfort serving in a mentoring role.