ABSTRACT
MATERIAL AND METHOD: Using the survey data obtained from doctors in Connecticut, we estimate the "true" costs of defensive medicine and medical malpractice awards via litigation in the overall aggregate picture of U.S. national annual health expenditures. RESULTS AND DISCUSION: Progressives claim that these costs amount only to approximately 2% of total annual health expenditures, while conservatives claim that these costs are much higher, in the neighborhood of 10%. Conservatives want to reform the current medical malpractice system because the savings could be significant. Progressives claim that this issue is a "red herring" in the overall picture of health care reform and that other factors such as hospital costs, payments to physicians and pharmaceutical prices are the largest contributors to runaway health care costs, currently amounting to 18% of GDP. The health of the national economy, deficit reduction and future prosperity will depend upon the speed and quality of the cost reducing solutions. CONCLUSION: An in-depth look into cost and profit structure of each provider's procedure and legislative push for price and quality transparency of the informed and educated constituents are recommended to improve this serious national, socio-economic problem.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of genetic variants (rare and common) in the gene encoding periostin (POSTN) on atherosclerosis as measured in arterial specimens from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. METHODS AND RESULTS: A comprehensive survey of common POSTN variants (87 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in PDAY subjects (n = 2527) identified numerous SNPs associated with raised lesions in abdominal aorta and with fatty streaks in thoracic aorta. These SNPs belonged to a small number of correlation bins that spanned the entire locus. To examine effects of rare variants, we resequenced POSTN functional regions in PDAY cases with raised lesions (n = 291) and controls with no raised lesions (n = 294). However, we found no significant associations with case-control status for carriers of POSTN rare variants using the weighted-sum method for rare variant analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We identified common variants in POSTN that are associated with arterial lesions in young persons from the PDAY study. This finding strongly supports a role for periostin in atherogenesis, as suggested by recent proteomics analysis that found abundant expression of periostin in atherosclerotic lesions. Genetic variation may influence atherosclerosis via periostin's known involvement in multiple relevant pathways, including angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and stimulation of migration and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
Subject(s)
Aortic Diseases/genetics , Atherosclerosis/genetics , Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Adolescent , Adult , Age of Onset , Aorta, Abdominal/pathology , Aorta, Thoracic/pathology , Aortic Diseases/epidemiology , Aortic Diseases/pathology , Atherosclerosis/epidemiology , Atherosclerosis/pathology , Autopsy , Case-Control Studies , Female , Gene Frequency , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Linear Models , Male , Phenotype , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , United States , Young AdultABSTRACT
There is an accumulating body of evidence linking estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) gene polymorphisms with variation in cardiovascular risk factors or disease. The ER-alpha IVS1-397 T/C (PvuII), IVS1-351 A/C (XbaI) and the promoter region TA repeat polymorphisms have received the most attention. If ER-alpha genetic variants identify women at high risk for cardiovascular events, this information could be used to improve clinical decisions regarding the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). More detailed haplotype and genome-wide studies of many of the major HRT clinical trial cohorts are currently underway and these efforts promise to clarify many outstanding issues concerning estrogen action and cardiovascular disease.
