Childhood Trauma and College Sexual Harassment: Coping and Resilience as Moderators.

Childhood trauma has been identified as a risk factor for future revictimization, especially in young adulthood. There is an established link between childhood victimization and later sexual assault, but it is unclear if childhood trauma is associated with sexual harassment. Related research has examined coping and resilience as buffers, or moderators, against negative outcomes associated with childhood victimization and sexual assault, so the buffering effect of these variables will be explored for sexual harassment as well. In a sample of 583 young adults age 18-25, self-report measures of childhood trauma, sexual harassment, coping, and resilience, were collected via an online survey tool. Results of a path analysis suggest that, in general, childhood trauma places young adults at a risk for sexual harassment. Resiliency did not moderate the association between childhood trauma and sexual harassment in young adulthood, but coping did moderate this association. Specifically, when coping was high, trauma and sexual harassment were negatively related, but when coping was low to moderate, trauma and sexual harassment were positively related.

Development of a laser heterodyne radiometer for regional methane leak detection.

We have developed and tested a laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) for detecting methane leaks from upstream oil and gas infrastructure and landfills that uses the Sun as the signal light source, demonstrating here sensitivity sufficient to detect "super-emitter" leaks (>50kg/h, 1166 slm). Tracking optics follow the Sun during its apparent daily transit across the sky, and the system collects direct absorption data and optionally the 1f and 2f wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) signals. The direct absorption data are processed in real time using a retrieval algorithm with a 5 s update rate to reveal the methane concentration versus altitude for each measurement line of sight. The 1f and 2f WMS signals are significantly non-intuitive because of the dramatic change in the methane lineshape as a function of pressure (altitude) but may ultimately provide useful information for leak localization. We describe herein modifications to the RF detection train and data collection system that allow faster and higher signal-to-noise ratio measurements. Preliminary results suggest that leaks giving rise to methane concentrations of the order of 500 ppm-m can be effectively detected-sensitivity similar to current satellites with more continuous temporal coverage and areal coverage of the order of 100s of km2 for relatively low cost. We outline a method of using an array of LHRs to localize the leak using lineshape information and tomographic reconstruction techniques that will be tested in future work.

Meeting the COVID-19 Deadlines: Choosing Assessments to Determine Eligibility.

Timely identification of children with disabilities is required by federal special education law (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400, 2004). During COVID-19, school psychologists have been faced with the challenge of completing valid, comprehensive, and diagnostic assessments when traditional methods are not an option. Traditional methods of testing have become nearly impossible due to social distancing requirements; therefore, alternate methods need to be considered. These alternate methods may be unfamiliar to the practitioner and/or lack validation to use with confidence. This study offers a prospective guide to help practitioners make safe and valid test selection and interpretation decisions during a pandemic. Examples of assessments analyzed using this guide are provided for the reader. In addition, a case study is provided as an example.

In-Orbit Performance of the GRACE Follow-on Laser Ranging Interferometer.

The Laser Ranging Interferometer (LRI) instrument on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Follow-On mission has provided the first laser interferometric range measurements between remote spacecraft, separated by approximately 220 km. Autonomous controls that lock the laser frequency to a cavity reference and establish the 5 degrees of freedom two-way laser link between remote spacecraft succeeded on the first attempt. Active beam pointing based on differential wave front sensing compensates spacecraft attitude fluctuations. The LRI has operated continuously without breaks in phase tracking for more than 50 days, and has shown biased range measurements similar to the primary ranging instrument based on microwaves, but with much less noise at a level of 1 nm/sqrt[Hz] at Fourier frequencies above 100 mHz.

Developmental Pathways of Youth Gang Membership: A Structural Test of the Social Development Model.

As a result of nearly 40 years of research using a risk and protective factor approach, much is known about the predictors of gang onset. Little theoretical work, however, has been done to situate this approach to studying gang membership within a more comprehensive developmental model. Using structural equation modeling techniques, the current study is the first to test the capacity of the social development model (SDM) to predict the developmental pathways that increase and decrease the likelihood of gang membership. Results suggest that the SDM provides a good accounting of the social developmental processes at age 13 that are predictive of later gang membership. These findings support the promotion of a theoretical understanding of gang membership that specifies both pro- and antisocial developmental pathways. Additionally, as the SDM is intended as a model that can guide preventive intervention, results also hold practical utility for designing strategies that can be implemented in early adolescence to address the likelihood of later gang involvement. Three key preventive intervention points to address gang membership are discussed, including promoting efforts to enhance social skills, increasing the availability of prosocial opportunities and rewarding engagement in these opportunities, and reducing antisocial socialization experiences throughout the middle- and high school years.

New furoquinoline alkaloid and flavanone glycoside derivatives from the leaves of Oricia suaveolens and Oricia renieri (Rutaceae).

Fractionation of the methanol extract of the leaves of Oricia renieri and Oricia suaveolens (Rutaceae) led to the isolation of 13 compounds including the hitherto unknown furoquinoline alkaloid named 6,7-methylenedioxy-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-dictamnine (1) and a flavanone glycoside named 5-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-7-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1‴→5″)-ß-D-apiofuranosyl]-flavanoside (2), together with 11 known compounds (3-13). The structures of the compounds were determined by comprehensive analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectral data and comparison. All compounds isolated were examined for their activity against human carcinoma cell lines. The alkaloids 1, 5, 12, 13 and the phenolic 2, 8, 11 tested compounds exhibited non-selective moderate cytotoxic activity with IC50 8.7-15.9 µM whereas compounds 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 10 showed low activity.

Cobalt Boryl Complexes: Enabling and Exploiting Migratory Insertion in Base-Metal-Mediated Borylation.

Cobalt boryl complexes, which have only been sporadically reported, can be accessed systematically with remarkable (but controllable) variation in the nature of the M-B bond. Complexes incorporating a very strong trans σ-donor display unparalleled inertness, reflected in retention of the M-B bond even in the presence of extremely strong acid. By contrast, the use of the strong π-acceptor CO in the trans position, results in significant Co-B elongation and to labilization of the boryl ligand via unprecedented CO migratory insertion. Such chemistry provides a pathway for the generation of coordinative unsaturation, thereby enabling ligand substitution and/or substrate assimilation. Alkene functionalization by boryl transfer, a well-known reaction for noble metals such as Rh or Pt, can thus be effected by an 18-electron base-metal complex.

Circumventing redox chemistry: synthesis of transition metal boryl complexes from a boryl nucleophile by decarbonylation.

The very strong reducing capabilities of the boryllithium nucleophile (THF)2Li{B(NDippCH)2} (1, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) render impractical its use for the direct introduction of the {B(NDippCH)2} ligand via metathesis chemistry into the immediate coordination sphere of transition metals (d(n), with n ≠ 0 or 10). Instead, 1 typically reacts with metal halide, amide and hydrocarbyl electrophiles either via electron transfer or halide abstraction. Evidence for the formation of M-B bonds is obtained only in the case of the d(5) system [{(HCDippN)2B}Mn(THF)(µ-Br)]2. Lower oxidation state metal carbonyl complexes such as Fe(CO)5 and Cr(CO)6 react with 1 via nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl carbon atom to give boryl-functionalized Fischer carbene complexes Fe(CO)4{C(OLi(THF)3)B(NDippCH)2} and Cr(CO)5{C(OLi(THF)2)B(NDippCH)2}. Although C-to-M boryl transfer does not occur for these formally anionic systems, more labile charge neutral bora-acyl derivatives of the type LnM{C(O)B(NDippCH)2} [LnM = Mn(CO)5, Re(CO)5, CpFe(CO)2] can be synthesized, which cleanly lose CO to generate M-B bonds. From a mechanistic standpoint, an archetypal organometallic mode of reactivity, carbonyl extrusion, has thus been shown to be applicable to the boryl ligand class, with (13)C isotopic labeling studies confirming a dissociation/migration pathway. These proof-of-methodology synthetic studies can be extended beyond boryl complexes of the group 7 and 8 metals (for which a number of versatile synthetic routes already exist) to provide access to complexes of cobalt, which have hitherto proven only sporadically accessible.

The Developmental Dynamics of Joining a Gang in Adolescence: Patterns and Predictors of Gang Membership.

Researchers have examined the predictors of adolescent gang membership, finding significant factors in the neighborhood, family, school, peers, and individual domains. However, little is known about whether risk and protective factors differ in predictive salience at different developmental periods. The present study examines predictors of joining a gang, tests whether these factors have different effects at different ages, and whether they differ by gender using the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) sample (n=808). By age 19, 173 participants had joined a gang. Using survival analysis, results showed that unique predictors of gang membership onset included living with a gang member, antisocial neighborhood, and antisocial peer influences in the previous year. No time or gender interactions with predictors were statistically significant.

Focal cerebral ischemia after surgery in the "beach chair" position: the role of a congenital variation of circle of Willis anatomy.

A 50-year-old man underwent shoulder surgery in the beach chair position. His mean arterial blood pressure at arm level was approximately 65 mm Hg. Postoperatively, there was delayed awakening and a right hemiparesis. Radiologic evaluation revealed a congenital asymmetry of the circle of Willis that resulted in limited collateral flow to the left anterior and middle cerebral artery distributions. Similar anatomical variations are relatively common in the general population and may render some patients relatively and unpredictably more vulnerable to hypotension.

Comparison of the Paley method using chronological age with use of skeletal maturity for predicting mature limb length in children.

BACKGROUND: Treating patients with congenital or acquired limb-length inequality requires accurate estimations of limb length at skeletal maturity. There is controversy over the best indicator of maturity to be used for limb-length calculations. Paley popularized the multiplier method, in which chronological age is used, which has the virtue of simplicity but does not account for the wide variance in timing of the adolescent growth spurt. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of chronological age or the level of skeletal maturity provides more accurate limb-length predictions. METHODS: We identified patients with limb-length inequality, for whom scanograms had been obtained before and at maturity, and who had had no surgical procedures on their normal lower limb. Skeletal maturity was determined with use of the Greulich and Pyle atlas, Tanner-Whitehouse-3 method, and simplified stages described by Sanders et al. The length of the lower extremity was compared with the ultimate limb length and the actual multiplier (final limb length divided by current limb length) for each point in time. A linear model was used to determine the log-transformed multipliers for the level of skeletal maturity, and Paley's multipliers were used for chronological age. Residual standard errors were determined to compare the results of the methods. We also conducted piecewise linear regression on each of the methods and used the residual standard errors to rank their performance and cross-validated the results. RESULTS: We identified twenty-four patients (twelve girls and twelve boys) who met the study criteria. Most subjects had had multiple scanograms along with skeletal age radiographs (average, 4.5) at different ages. When all ages are considered, the Paley method had the best overall performance, with residual standard errors that were typically =5 cm. However, the Paley method did not perform best for subjects at stage-2 skeletal maturity or above; in those cases, skeletal-maturity-based predictions had residual standard errors of <2 cm. CONCLUSIONS: While the Paley method, which is based on chronological age, provides reasonable estimates of ultimate limb length for most patients, use of skeletal-maturity determinations appears to provide better predictions of mature limb length during adolescence.

Epidemiologic investigation of immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy among abattoir workers exposed to porcine brain.

BACKGROUND: In October 2007, a cluster of patients experiencing a novel polyradiculoneuropathy was identified at a pork abattoir (Plant A). Patients worked in the primary carcass processing area (warm room); the majority processed severed heads (head-table). An investigation was initiated to determine risk factors for illness. METHODS AND RESULTS: Symptoms of the reported patients were unlike previously described occupational associated illnesses. A case-control study was conducted at Plant A. A case was defined as evidence of symptoms of peripheral neuropathy and compatible electrodiagnostic testing in a pork abattoir worker. Two control groups were used - randomly selected non-ill warm-room workers (n = 49), and all non-ill head-table workers (n = 56). Consenting cases and controls were interviewed and blood and throat swabs were collected. The 26 largest U.S. pork abattoirs were surveyed to identify additional cases. Fifteen cases were identified at Plant A; illness onsets occurred during May 2004-November 2007. Median age was 32 years (range, 21-55 years). Cases were more likely than warm-room controls to have ever worked at the head-table (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-26.7), removed brains or removed muscle from the backs of heads (AOR, 10.3; 95% CI, 1.5-68.5), and worked within 0-10 feet of the brain removal operation (AOR, 9.9; 95% CI, 1.2-80.0). Associations remained when comparing head-table cases and head-table controls. Workers removed brains by using compressed air that liquefied brain and generated aerosolized droplets, exposing themselves and nearby workers. Eight additional cases were identified in the only two other abattoirs using this technique. The three abattoirs that used this technique have stopped brain removal, and no new cases have been reported after 24 months of follow up. Cases compared to controls had higher median interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) levels (21.7 pg/ml; vs 14.8 pg/ml, P<0.001). DISCUSSION: This novel polyradiculoneuropathy was associated with removing porcine brains with compressed air. An autoimmune mechanism is supported by higher levels of IFNgamma in cases than in controls consistent with other immune mediated illnesses occurring in association with neural tissue exposure. Abattoirs should not use compressed air to remove brains and should avoid procedures that aerosolize CNS tissue. This outbreak highlights the potential for respiratory or mucosal exposure to cause an immune-mediated illness in an occupational setting.

A clustering of immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy among swine abattoir workers exposed to aerosolized porcine brains, Indiana, United States.

In November 2007 a novel neuropathy, immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy (IP), was identified among workers at a Minnesota swine abattoir where a unique compressed air technique was used to remove porcine brains. An epidemiologic investigation at another abattoir in Indiana that also uses this process was launched to evaluate workers self-reporting neurologic illness compatible with IP. A nested case-control study was performed to identify cases and risk factors. Six confirmed, one probable, and three possible IP cases were detected. IP cases were 28-52 years old, of Latino origin, and 62.5% female. Onset dates ranged from April 2005-December 2007; 60% were hospitalized. IP cases at this plant were similar in clinical presentation and exposure risks to those detected in Minnesota. Swine abattoirs using similar brain extraction methods should discontinue this process.

Interdisciplinary approach to all-hazards preparedness: are you ready? How do we know?

The Center for Bioterrorism and All-Hazards Preparedness (CBAP) at Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine is part of the National Education Strategy Team supported by the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. It developed and implemented an extensive interdisciplinary community-focused, all-hazards preparedness program as a template for use nationally. CBAP provides discipline-customized education and training experiences in emergency and disaster preparedness using multiple formats. In addition to addressing competencies that all responders must have, the CBAP National Education Strategy Team has special emphasis areas in personal planning, vulnerable and hard-to-reach populations, the employment of "cells" in the community, evidence-based evaluation including a unique casualty objective-structured clinical examination, use of student and faculty and Medical Reserve Corps volunteers, all-hazards preparedness aimed at school children, and programs addressing campus violence. CBAP emphasizes that all-hazards preparedness is an academic discipline that necessitates those trained have periodic updates to maintain their currency.

Predictable ecology and geography of West Nile virus transmission in the central United States.

West Nile virus (WNV) arrived in North America and spread rapidly through the western hemisphere. We present a series of tests to determine whether ecological factors are consistently associated with WNV transmission to humans. We analyzed human WNV cases in the states of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio in 2002 and 2003, building ecological niche models to associate WNV case occurrences with ecological and environmental parameters. In essentially all tests, both within states, among states, between years, and across the region, we found high predictivity of WNV case distributions, suggesting that one or more elements in the WNV transmission cycle has a strong ecological determination. Areas in the geographic region included in this study predicted as suitable for WNV transmission tended to have lower values of the vegetation indices in the summer months, pointing to consistent ecological differences between suitable and unsuitable areas.

Carboxylate lability as a factor in the Rh2(carboxylate)4-catalysed cyclopropenation and cyclopropanation of alkynes and alkenes.

The mechanism of Rh(2)(carboxylate)(4)-catalysed cyclopropenation and cyclopropanation via two different pathways has been investigated computationally. The two pathways either (a) conserve the Rh(2)O(8) framework, with initial coordination of CH(2)N(2) and further reaction occurring at an axial acceptor site, or (b) allow dechelation of carboxylate to liberate an equatorial site for activation of bound CH(2)N(2.) Calculations on the system in question [Rh(2)(formate)(4), CH(2)N(2), C(2)H(4) or C(2)H(2)] show that both pathways are equally favoured. The importance of coordinated solvent in determining the reaction pathway is demonstrated.

Monkeypox zoonotic associations: insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state US outbreak.

At the onset of the 2003 US monkeypox outbreak, virologic data were unavailable regarding which animal species were involved with virus importation and/or subsequent transmission to humans and whether there was a risk for establishment of zoonotic monkeypox in North America. Similarly, it was unclear which specimens would be best for virus testing. Monkeypox DNA was detected in at least 33 animals, and virus was cultured from 22. Virus-positive animals included three African species associated with the importation event (giant pouched rats, Cricetomys spp.; rope squirrels, Funisciuris sp.; and dormice, Graphiuris sp.). Virologic evidence from North American prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.) was concordant with their suspected roles as vectors for human monkeypox. Multiple tissues were found suitable for DNA detection and/or virus isolation. These data extend the potential host range for monkeypox virus infection and supports concern regarding the potential for establishment in novel reservoir species and ecosystems.

Gold(I)-isocyanide and gold(I)-carbene complexes as substrates for the laser decoration of gold onto ceramic surfaces.

Gold-isocyanide complexes XAu(RNC) (X = halide, pseudohalide, R = alkyl, aryl) and water soluble gold-carbene complexes XAuC(NHPh)[MeN(CH(2)CH(2)O)(n)Me] (X = Cl, n = 1-11) have been prepared and evaluated as substrates for the direct laser writing of gold decoration onto ceramics.

On the mechanism of the Rh(II)-catalysed cyclopropanation of alkenes.

The mechanism of Rh(ii)-catalysed cyclopropanation has been investigated computationally using Rh(2)(formate)(4) as a model precatalyst, with the model organic substrates CH(2)N(2) and C(2)H(4) and MeCl as a model for coordinating solvent. Three potential carriers of catalysis have been identified, one retaining the Rh(2)(formate)(4) framework and two others resulting from ligand insertion of Rh-CH(2) into an Rh-O bond. Both 2 + 1 and 2 + 2 pathways have been identified for the cyclopropanation step depending on the catalytic carrier involved. Complexes resulting from CH(2) insertion into the Rh-O bond are more efficient at lowering the activation enthalpy for CH(2)-N(2) scission in the rate determining step.