ABSTRACT
Dietetic treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) includes a low-phenylalanine (phe) diet that provides sufficient phe for maintenance and growth plus special phe-free formulas with amino acids to meet requirements for protein, energy and micronutrients.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids/administration & dosage , Phenylalanine/administration & dosage , Phenylketonurias/diet therapy , Female , Homeostasis , Humans , Mutation , PregnancyABSTRACT
Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) is a common craniofacial anomaly with a complex and heterogeneous aetiology. Knowledge regarding specific genetic factors underlying this birth defect is still not well understood. Therefore, we conducted an independent replication analysis for the top-associated variants located within the DLG1 locus at chromosome 3q29, which was identified as a novel cleft-susceptibility locus in our genome-wide association study (GWAS). Mega-analysis of the pooled individual data from the GWAS and replication study confirmed that common DLG1 variants are associated with the risk of nsCL/P. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs338217 and rs7649443, were statistically significant even at the genome-wide level (Ptrend = 9.70E-10 and Ptrend = 8.96E-09, respectively). Three other SNPs, rs9826379, rs6805920 and rs6583202, reached a suggestive genome-wide significance threshold (Ptrend < 1.00E-05). The location of the strongest individual SNP in the intronic sequence of the gene encoding DLG1 antisense RNA suggests that the true causal variant implicated in the risk of nsCL/P may affect the DLG1 gene expression level rather than structure of the encoded protein. In conclusion, we identified a novel cleft-susceptibility locus at chromosome 3q29 with a DLG1 as a novel candidate gene for this common craniofacial anomaly.
Subject(s)
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics , Brain/abnormalities , Cleft Lip/genetics , Cleft Palate/genetics , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Brain/pathology , Cleft Lip/pathology , Cleft Palate/pathology , Discs Large Homolog 1 Protein , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genome-Wide Association Study , Humans , Male , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/geneticsABSTRACT
We investigated the relation between concentrations of maternal zinc and copper and the risk of an infant being born with an orofacial cleft. We did a case-control study using 116 mothers of children with isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (cleft group), and 64 mothers of unaffected children (control group). Mothers with a whole blood zinc concentration of 47.1 micromol/L or less had a risk 2.5 times higher of having a child with an orofacial cleft than those with a higher concentration (or level) (95% CI 1.03-6.23; p<0.05). A low zinc concentration combined with a high copper concentration was seen only in the cleft group. This evidence suggests an association between concentrations of maternal zinc and the risk of orofacial clefts in offspring.
Subject(s)
Cleft Lip/etiology , Cleft Palate/etiology , Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Zinc/blood , Zinc/deficiency , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Copper/blood , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Mass Spectrometry , Odds Ratio , Pregnancy , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Young AdultABSTRACT
The aetiology of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is very complex. It has been shown that polymorphic variants of genes encoding key proteins of folate and methionine metabolism might be important maternal risk factors of having a child with this craniofacial anomaly. Therefore, in our study, mothers with CL/P children as well as control mothers were examined for prevalence of polymorphisms of genes that encode methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MTR), 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFD1) and reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1). We observed that there were no statistical differences in allele and genotype frequencies of MTHFR c.677C>T, MTHFD1 c.1958G>A and RFC1 c.80G>A between mothers who had children with CL/P and control mothers. However, mothers with MTR c.2756AG or GG genotype displayed a 2.195-fold increased risk of having a child with CL/P (95% CI 1.189-4.050, p = 0.011). The mechanism by which polymorphic transition of MTR gene might increase the maternal risk of having CL/P progeny is unknown. Our observations are consistent with a significant role of the methyl cycle in the development of craniofacial structures in humans.
