Development of Novel Thin Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Clay Nanocomposite Films with Antimicrobial Activity Promoted by the Study of Mechanical, Thermal, and Surface Properties.

Infection with pathogenic microorganisms is of great concern in many areas, especially in healthcare, but also in food packaging and storage, or in water purification systems. Antimicrobial polymer nanocomposites have gained great popularity in these areas. Therefore, this study focused on new approaches to develop thin antimicrobial films based on biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) with clay mineral natural vermiculite as a carrier for antimicrobial compounds, where the active organic antimicrobial component is antifungal ciclopirox olamine (CPX). For possible synergistic effects, a sample in combination with the inorganic antimicrobial active ingredient zinc oxide was also prepared. The structures of all the prepared samples were studied by X-ray diffraction, FTIR analysis and, predominantly, by SEM. The very different structure properties of the prepared nanofillers had a fundamental influence on the final structural arrangement of thin PCL nanocomposite films as well as on their mechanical, thermal, and surface properties. As sample PCL/ZnOVER_CPX possessed the best results for antimicrobial activity against examined microbial strains, the synergic effect of CPX and ZnO combination on antimicrobial activity was proved, but on the other hand, its mechanical resistance was the lowest.

Metal particles in mucus and hypertrophic tissue of the inferior nasal turbinates from the human upper respiratory tract.

Mucosal surfaces are the first mechanical barrier preventing the entry of foreign particles into the organism. The study addresses the detection and analysis of metal-based solid particles in cytological mucus samples from the surface of human hypertrophic tissue in the inferior nasal turbinates in patients diagnosed with chronic rhinitis. Solid particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy; all the biological samples were also subjected to vibration magnetometry. Since the upper airways are the first part of the respiratory tract, which is exposed to inhaled particles, it can be assumed that inhaled particles may be partially deposited in this region. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of metal-based solid particles/clusters in the majority of the analysed cytological mucus samples and also in hypertrophic tissues; in all groups, the particles were of submicron size. Raman microspectroscopy detected the presence of particles/clusters based on amorphous carbon, graphite, calcium carbonate, anatase and barite only in the hypertrophic tissue. The obtained results show that the composition of some of the solid particles (i.e. Ba, Zn, Fe and Ti) detected in the mucus from the surface of the hypertrophic tissues resembled the particles found in the hypertrophic tissue itself. It can be assumed that after the capture of the inhaled particles by the mucus, they penetrate into the deeper layers of tissue.

Surface Magnetostriction of FeCoB Amorphous Ribbons Analyzed Using Magneto-Optical Kerr Microscopy.

Surface sensitive magneto-optical Kerr microscopy completed with the special self-made sample holder is used for studying the magneto-elastic behaviour in the surface of the as-quenched amorphous Fe73Co12B15 alloy. The 10, 5, and 3 mm wide and approximately 34 µm thick ribbons were prepared by the conventional planar flow casting process. The experimental setup allows for a simultaneous application of an external magnetic field in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the ribbon axis and of compression stress from one side of the sample, resulting in tensile stress in opposite side. The distributions of tensile stresses in the measured surface were modelled by the finite element method. The observed changes of the magnetic domains and hysteresis loop anisotropy field under applied stress are evaluated using the Becker-Kersten method. This resulted in the determination of the local surface magnetostrictive coefficient from an area of about 200 µm in diameter. The obtained values ranged between 37-60 ppm and were well comparable with the bulk value presented in the literature.

Analysis of Magneto-Optical Hysteresis Loops of Amorphous and Surface-Crystalline Fe-Based Ribbons.

Three Fe-based ribbon-type samples prepared by a conventional planar flow casting process are studied from the viewpoint of the amorphous Fe80Si4B16 and partially surface crystallized Fe80Si10B10, and Fe80.5Nb6.9B12.6, microstructures. Surface magnetic properties are investigated by magneto-optical Kerr microscopy, allowing the measurement of a local hysteresis loop from a selected area on the ribbon surface, and simultaneously, a domain structure corresponding to a definite point at the loop. For an amorphous sample, the changes in the slopes of hysteresis loops are related either to the size of the selected surface area, from which the loop is measured, or to the type, width, and movement of magnetic domains through this area. In the first case, the resizing of the area simulates an effect of changing the diameter of the incident laser beam on the magneto-optical properties of the ribbon. In the latter case, the observed wide-curved and fingerprint domains are responsible for markedly different shapes of the hysteresis loops at lower magnetic fields. If the surface is crystallized, the magnetic properties are more homogenous, showing typical one-jump magnetization reversal with less dependence on the size of the surface area. The magneto-optical experiments are completed by transmission electron microscopy and magnetic force microscopy.

Settled iron-based road dust and its characteristics and possible association with detection in human tissues.

Settled road dust was examined to detect the presence of non-airborne submicron and nano-sized iron-based particles and to characterize these particles. Samples were collected from a road surface near a busy road junction in the city of Ostrava, Czech Republic, once a month from March to October. The eight collected samples were subjected to a combination of experimental techniques including elemental analysis, Raman microspectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and magnetometry. The data thereby obtained confirmed the presence of non-agglomerated spherical nano-sized iron-based particles, with average sizes ranging from 2 down to 490 nm. There are several sources in road traffic which generate road dust particles, including exhaust and non-exhaust processes. Some of them (e.g., brake wear) produce iron as the dominant metallic element. Raman microspectroscopy revealed forms of iron (mainly as oxides, Fe2O3, and mixtures of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4). Moreover, Fe3O4 was also detected in samples of human tissues from the upper and lower respiratory tract. In view of the fact that no agglomeration of those particles was found by SEM, it is supposed that these particles may be easily resuspended and represent a risk to human health due to inhalation exposure, as proved by the detection of particles with similar morphology and phase composition in human tissues.

Detection of Micron and Submicron Particles in Human Bronchogenic Carcinomas.

Metal based particles were detected in pulmonary tumor tissue samples and reference lung tissue samples (lung tissue without carcinoma) by Raman microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Many of these particles were in the size below 1 µm. Using scanning electron microscopy, particles based on iron were found in the majority of samples. Siderite was determined as the form of the iron in several samples by Raman microspectroscopy. The hypothesis that significant statistical dependence exists between the presence of metals in the lung tissue and lung cancer incidence was not proved. However, statistical dependence between smoking and lung cancer incidence was determined as well as insignificant correlation between the presence of titanium based particles and lung cancer incidence. Titanium-based compounds were identified as TiO2 in the form of anatase and rutile. Both the reference and the carcinoma samples exhibited magnetic properties as confirmed by vibration magnetometry measurements.