Human papillomavirus infection in female sex workers in Lima, Peru.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in female sex workers (FSW) in Lima, Peru. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 87 FSW. Information regarding demographics, sex work practices, and genital and blood specimens was collected. RESULTS: Forty-four (50.6%) of 87 FSW had HPV detected in cervical swabs. The prevalence of coinfection by two or more HPV types was 39.1%. Thirty-one (35.6%) were infected by at least one high-risk HPV type, representing 70.5% of women with HPV infection. HPV infection was associated with younger age but not with any demographic or sexual characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the high prevalence of HPV infection in FSW reported by other groups and suggests that brothel-based FSW may be at lower risk for acquiring high-risk HPV infection.

Male midwives: preferred managers of sexually transmitted infections in men in developing countries? / ¿Se prefieren enfermeros obstétricos para el control de las infecciones de trasmisión sexual en hombres en los países en desarrollo?

OBJECTIVES: To describe demographic and practice characteristics of male and female midwives in private practice (MIPPs) in 10 cities of Peru, and their role in the delivery of reproductive health care, specifically management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS: As part of an intervention trial in 10 cities in the provinces of Peru designed to improve STI management, detailed information was collected regarding the number of midwives in each city working in various types of practices. A door-to-door survey of all medical offices and institutions in each city was conducted. Each MIPP encountered was asked to answer a questionnaire regarding demographics, training, practice type(s), number of STI cases seen per month, and average earnings per consultation. RESULTS: Of the 905 midwives surveyed, 442 reported having a private practice, either exclusively or concurrently with other clinical positions; 99.3 percent of these MIPPs reported managing STI cases. Andean cities had the highest density of MIPPs, followed by jungle and coastal cities, respectively. Jungle cities had the largest proportion of male MIPPs (35.5 percent). While both male and female MIPPs reported seeing male patients, male MIPPs saw a significantly greater number than their female counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: In areas of Peru where physicians are scarce, MIPPs provide needed reproductive health services, including STI management. Male MIPPs in particular appear to serve as health care providers for male patients with STIs. This trend, which may exist in other developing countries with similar healthcare workforce demographics, highlights the need for new areas of training and health services research.

OBJETIVOS: Describir las características demográficas y de la práctica profesional del personal de enfermería obstétrica en consultorios privados (ECP) según el sexo en 10 ciudades de Perú y el papel que desempeñan en los cuidados de salud reproductiva, específicamente en la atención de las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS). MÉTODOS: Como parte de un ensayo de intervención en 10 ciudades de diferentes provincias de Perú, diseñado para mejorar la atención de las ITS, se recogió información detallada del personal de enfermería obstétrica ocupado en diferentes tipos de consultorios de cada ciudad. Se realizó una encuesta de puerta en puerta en todos los consultorios e instituciones médicas de cada ciudad. A cada ECP localizado se le pidió responder un cuestionario sobre datos demográficos, entrenamiento, tipo(s) de consultorio(s), número de casos de ITS atendidos mensualmente e ingresos medios por consulta. RESULTADOS: De los 905 enfermeros y enfermeras encuestados, 442 informaron tener una consulta privada, ya sea de forma exclusiva o concurrente con otros cargos clínicos; 99,3 por ciento de estos ECP manifestaron atender casos de ITS. Las ciudades andinas presentaron la mayor densidad de ECP, seguidas por las de la selva y la costa, en ese orden. Las ciudades de la selva presentaron la mayor proporción de ECP hombres (35,5 por ciento). Aunque tanto los ECP hombres como las ECP mujeres informaron atender pacientes masculinos con ITS, los ECP hombres atendieron un número significativamente mayor que sus contrapartes mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: En zonas de Perú donde no hay suficientes médicos, los ECP ofrecen los servicios necesarios de salud reproductiva, incluida la atención de las ITS. En particular, los ECP hombres parecen servir como proveedores de atención sanitaria a pacientes masculinos con ITS. Esta tendencia, que podría existir en otros países en desarrollo con personal sanitario con características demográficas similares, resalta la necesidad de establecer nuevas líneas de entrenamiento e investigación en servicios de salud.

Male midwives: preferred managers of sexually transmitted infections in men in developing countries?

OBJECTIVES: To describe demographic and practice characteristics of male and female midwives in private practice (MIPPs) in 10 cities of Peru, and their role in the delivery of reproductive health care, specifically management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS: As part of an intervention trial in 10 cities in the provinces of Peru designed to improve STI management, detailed information was collected regarding the number of midwives in each city working in various types of practices. A door-to-door survey of all medical offices and institutions in each city was conducted. Each MIPP encountered was asked to answer a questionnaire regarding demographics, training, practice type(s), number of STI cases seen per month, and average earnings per consultation. RESULTS: Of the 905 midwives surveyed, 442 reported having a private practice, either exclusively or concurrently with other clinical positions; 99.3% of these MIPPs reported managing STI cases. Andean cities had the highest density of MIPPs, followed by jungle and coastal cities, respectively. Jungle cities had the largest proportion of male MIPPs (35.5%). While both male and female MIPPs reported seeing male patients, male MIPPs saw a significantly greater number than their female counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: In areas of Peru where physicians are scarce, MIPPs provide needed reproductive health services, including STI management. Male MIPPs in particular appear to serve as health care providers for male patients with STIs. This trend, which may exist in other developing countries with similar healthcare workforce demographics, highlights the need for new areas of training and health services research.

Sexually transmitted infections and private physicians in Peru, 2003 / Las infecciones de transmisión sexual y los médicos privados en Perú, 2003

Objectives. To analyze demographic and practice characteristics of private physicians in 10 cities of Peru, and to shed light on the role of private practice in the delivery of medical care to patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods. As part of an interventional trial designed to improve physician management of STIs in 10 cities in Peru, detailed information was compiled regarding numbers of physicians in each city. A door-to-door survey was then conducted within each city of all private and public medical offices and institutions. Each physician encountered who had a private practice was asked to answer a questionnaire regarding demographic information, medical education, specialty, type of private and public practices currently engaged in, number of STI cases seen per month, and average earnings per consultation. Results. Of 2 060 physicians working in the 10 cities, 507 reported having a private practice, either exclusively or concurrently with other clinical positions. Almost all the private physicians (97.4%) reported managing cases of STIs. Regional differences among private physicians were found in physician density, gender, and place of medical training. In addition, significant variations by gender were seen in rates of specialization, earnings per consultation, and numbers of female patients with STIs seen per month. Conclusions. Studies of the physician workforce can provide meaningful insights for potential use in addressing public health problems. This study provides valuable information that can help understand the important role of private physicians in managing STIs in Peru

Objetivos. Analizar las características demográficas y profesionales de los médicos privados en 10 ciudades de Perú y esclarecer el papel que desempeña la medicina privada en la atención de pacientes con infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS). Métodos. Como parte de un ensayo de intervención diseñado para mejorar el control de las ITS en 10 ciudades de Perú, se recopiló información detallada sobre el número de médicos de cada ciudad y se realizó una encuesta de puerta en puerta en todas las instituciones y consultorios, tanto privados como públicos. A todos los médicos contactados que tenían consulta privada se les pidió responder un cuestionario que recogía información demográfica y sobre la formación médica, especialidad, tipo de servicios privados y públicos que prestaba en ese momento, número de casos de ITS que atendía mensualmente y sus ingresos promedio por consulta. Resultados. De los 2 060 médicos que trabajaban en las 10 ciudades estudiadas, 507 informaron tener consulta privada, ya sea de forma exclusiva o compartida con otros trabajos clínicos. Casi todos los médicos privados (97,4%) informaron que atendían casos de ITS. Se encontraron diferencias entre las regiones en cuanto a la densidad y el lugar de entrenamiento de los médicos privados. Además, se observaron variaciones significativas según el sexo en la proporción de médicos especialistas, los ingresos por consulta y el número de mujeres con ITS que atienden mensualmente. Conclusiones. Los estudios sobre la disponibilidad de médicos pueden ofrecer una perspectiva interesante y de gran utilidad para abordar problemas de salud pública. Este estudio brinda una valiosa información que puede contribuir a comprender el importante papel que desempeñan los médicos privados en el control de las ITS en Perú

Sexually transmitted infections and private physicians in Peru, 2003.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze demographic and practice characteristics of private physicians in 10 cities of Peru, and to shed light on the role of private practice in the delivery of medical care to patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS: As part of an interventional trial designed to improve physician management of STIs in 10 cities in Peru, detailed information was compiled regarding numbers of physicians in each city. A door-to-door survey was then conducted within each city of all private and public medical offices and institutions. Each physician encountered who had a private practice was asked to answer a questionnaire regarding demographic information, medical education, specialty, type of private and public practices currently engaged in, number of STI cases seen per month, and average earnings per consultation. RESULTS: Of 2,060 physicians working in the 10 cities, 507 reported having a private practice, either exclusively or concurrently with other clinical positions. Almost all the private physicians (97.4%) reported managing cases of STIs. Regional differences among private physicians were found in physician density, gender, and place of medical training. In addition, significant variations by gender were seen in rates of specialization, earnings per consultation, and numbers of female patients with STIs seen per month. CONCLUSIONS: Studies of the physician workforce can provide meaningful insights for potential use in addressing public health problems. This study provides valuable information that can help understand the important role of private physicians in managing STIs in Peru.

Low prevalence and increased household clustering of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in high altitude villages in Peru.

Anecdotal historical evidence suggests that tuberculosis was uncommon at high altitude, but whether transmission is affected by high altitude is not known. To test whether high altitude lowers infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the prevalence of tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity was compared between two high altitude villages (3,340 meters [10,960 feet] and 3,500 meters [11,480 feet]) and three sea-level sites in Peru. High altitude villages had lower TST-positive prevalence rates (5.7% and 6.8%) than sea level areas (25-33%), and the difference remained significant (odds ratio = 4.5-6.0) after adjusting for age, education, bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination, and contact with tuberculosis patients. The TST-positive individuals clustered within highland families more than within sea level families. These data suggest that prevention and control efforts targeted to families may be more effective at high altitude. The mechanism by which TST-positivity prevalence is decreased at high altitude is unknown, but may reflect relative hypoxia, low humidity, or an increased ultraviolet effect.