Why Are People Loyal to Live Stream Channels? The Perspectives of Uses and Gratifications and Media Richness Theories.

Live stream services have emerged as a highly profitable Internet application in recent years with rapidly growing audiences for this form of instant and interactive Internet media. This study applies media richness theory along with uses and gratifications theory to predict user loyalty to live stream services. The proposed model is empirically evaluated using survey data collected from 295 users responding about their perception of such services. Empirical results show that perceived media richness and gratifications such as entertainment and sociability are antecedents of loyalty, while immediate feedback is the most salient facet of perceived media richness. The results provide further useful insights for service providers and streamers to build loyal user bases.

Measuring peer caring behaviors of nursing students: scale development.

BACKGROUND: Caring is one of the most important domains of nursing research, peer caring among student nurses, and its potential effects on nurse caring behaviors remains largely unexplored. Few tools in the literature target peer caring interactions, and which were either irrelevant to our research purpose or culturally inappropriate for nursing student population in Taiwan. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a culturally sensitive instrument to measure peer caring behavior from the student perspective and to offer a descriptive answer to "what is peer caring in Taiwan." DESIGN: The study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods in developing the "Peer Caring Measurement (PCM)" questionnaire. SETTINGS: Students from a 5-year associate degree nursing program in a university of technology in southern Taiwan were recruited into this study. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen first- through fourth-year student volunteers between the ages of 16 and 20 were interviewed to explore caring behavior in student peer-to-peer interactions. Two classes from each of the first, second, third, and fourth year students, a total of 360 students were randomly selected to assess the internal consistency of "PCM", and 47 first-year students were conveniently selected to examine the stability of the tool. METHODS: Interviews were conducted in an unstructured manner. Qualitative data were analyzed by a constant comparative method. The questionnaire survey was used to assess the validity and reliability of "PCM". RESULTS: A 17-item "PCM" was developed; the content validity, construct validity, and reliability of the tool were ensured by expert review, factor analysis, and internal consistency. Three factors, labeled assistant caring, academic caring, and affective caring, accounted for 63.197% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: The "PCM" addressed the multidimensional construct of peer caring. It was validated in a Chinese language version and can be used in college settings to evaluate student interactions and their peer caring behaviors.

Action research on the development of a caring curriculum in Taiwan: Part II.

This article presents the development, design, implementation, and evaluation of the third-year course of a caring curriculum being developed for a 5-year associate degree nursing program in Taiwan. The course, titled Application of Caring Concepts, was taught to more than 800 students by 16 instructors recruited from various departments. The instructors attended workshops and seminars on caring and then developed the course materials and teaching strategies. Instructional strategies included role modeling, dialogue, discussions, journaling, simulations, readings, and projects that involved students' applying caring skills outside of the classroom. Students were evaluated by patients in clinical practice using the Caring Behavior Measurement, developed in a previous study, and the course was evaluated by qualitative analysis of student feedback. Student responses to course content and instructional strategies were positive. Patients generally indicated that students always or normally performed caring behaviors. The study showed that with an appropriate curriculum and learning strategies, students can learn caring skills.