ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In 2010, an outbreak of coxsackievirus A6 (CA6) hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) occurred in Taiwan and some patients presented with onychomadesis and desquamation following HFMD. Therefore, we performed an epidemiological and molecular investigation to elucidate the characteristics of this outbreak. METHODS: Patients who had HFMD with positive enterovirus isolation results were enrolled. We performed a telephone interview with enrolled patients or their caregivers to collect information concerning symptoms, treatments, the presence of desquamation, and the presence of nail abnormalities. The serotypes of the enterovirus isolates were determined using indirect immunofluorescence assays. The VP1 gene was sequenced and the phylogenetic tree for the current CA6 strains in 2010, 52 previous CA6 strains isolated in Taiwan from 1998 through 2009, along with 8 reference sequences from other countries was constructed using the neighbor-joining command in MEGA software. RESULTS: Of the 130 patients with laboratory-confirmed CA6 infection, some patients with CA6 infection also had eruptions around the perioral area (28, 22%), the trunk and/or the neck (39, 30%) and generalized skin eruptions (6, 5%) in addition to the typical presentation of skin eruptions on the hands, feet, and mouths. Sixty-six (51%) CA6 patients experienced desquamation of palms and soles after the infection episode and 48 (37%) CA6 patients developed onychomadesis, which only occurred in 7 (5%) of 145 cases with non-CA6 enterovirus infection (p < 0.001). The sequences of viral protein 1 of CA6 in 2010 differ from those found in Taiwan before 2010, but are similar to those found in patients in Finland in 2008. CONCLUSIONS: HFMD patients with CA6 infection experienced symptoms targeting a broader spectrum of skin sites and more profound tissue destruction, i.e., desquamation and nail abnormalities.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Enterovirus/isolation & purification , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology , Nail Diseases/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Capsid Proteins/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Enterovirus/classification , Enterovirus/genetics , Female , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology , Humans , Infant , Male , Nail Diseases/epidemiology , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Skin Diseases, Viral/epidemiology , Skin Diseases, Viral/virology , Taiwan/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Prolonged fever, 5 days or more, is the cardinal feature of Kawasaki disease. We described a 5-year-old boy with initial presentations of fever, conjunctivitis, and strawberry tongue. The fever only lasted for 3 days. However, giant coronary aneurysms developed later. This patient reminds us that coronary complications could happen even the fever is less than 5 days. Criteria of fever duration might need reconsideration.
Subject(s)
Coronary Aneurysm/etiology , Fever/complications , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications , Child, Preschool , Coronary Aneurysm/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Echocardiography , Fever/diagnosis , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/diagnosis , Severity of Illness Index , Time Factors , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Baseline estimates of rotavirus disease burden and epidemiology are useful for the evaluation of newly introduced rotavirus vaccination programs. Prospective, cross-sectional surveillance for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) was conducted in hospitals and outpatient paediatric clinics in Taiwan to assess the prevalence of rotavirus gastroenteritis and associated medical costs prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction. Faecal specimens were collected from 1130 children <5 years of age from December 2004 to June 2006. The year-round rate of rotavirus detection in faecal specimens was 46% for children seen in hospitals and 14% for children seen in paediatric clinics. In the winter season, the burden was higher, reaching a peak of 60% and 21% in hospitals and paediatric clinics, respectively. The rotavirus genotype distributions were 39% (G1), 34% (G9), 12% (G2), 15% (G3), and 0.3% (G5). Total medical and nonmedical costs were US $754 for a rotavirus hospitalisation and US $60 for an outpatient clinic visit. Parental work loss averaged 4.0 days per hospital visit and 1.3 days per paediatric clinic visit. These data show that rotavirus was associated with a substantial proportion of AGE medical visits and had considerable medical costs prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction.
