Scheduling of Anaesthesia Operations in Operating Rooms.

This paper considers scheduling of surgical operations across multiple operating rooms subject to the limited availability of anaesthetists. The objective is to construct a feasible operations schedule that has the minimum makespan, i.e., the completion time of all operations. We abstract the problem into a theoretical server scheduling problem and formulate it in a mathematical form by proposing an integer programming model. Due to the intractability of its computing time, we circumvent the exact approaches and develop two approximation methods. Then, the steepest descent search is adopted for improving the solutions. Computational study suggests that the proposed methods can produce quality solutions in a few seconds.

Physiological interference in effective connectivity of action network.

The effect of temporal interference of physiological signals on time-lag effective connectivity, derived from a functional network connectivity tool box (FNC), was examined by a blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional MRI study of action. The known effect of physiological signals on time-lag FNC was verified by (a) comparison of time-lag FNC analyses without and with retrospective image-based correction (RETROICOR) and (b) the other time-lag FNC analysis including the ventricular component related to the cerebrospinal fluid with dominant physiological effects. Twenty-five right-handed normal individuals performed motor task with motor response by the right middle/index fingers. Behavioral data of the reaction time (RT) and physiological signals (electrocardiogram, respiration, and pulsation) were recorded during neuroimaging studies of a 2-s repetition time at 3T. After standard image preprocessing, RETROICOR of the physiological effects and group independent component analysis (ICA), five action-related components were selected from 59 ICA components according to spatial extension involving known functional correlates of visuomotor tasks. Time-lag FNC was constructed by calculating the maximal correlation coefficients among five selected components. Attenuation of the physiological effect at 0.02-0.25 Hz was an average of 0.63 dB after RETROICOR (P<0.0005). Results of FNC analyses without and with RETROICOR were compatible with the action networks using the right hand. On the basis of the time-lag FNC after RETROICOR, the connectivity among the ventricular component and other components of action network attenuated. The FNC map with RETROICOR was more explicable with known action networks, for example interhemispheric inhibition. The effects of physiological signals significantly misled the interpretation of time-lag FNC in terms of direction and connectivity strength.