ABSTRACT
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a prevalence of 7.5% in school-age children in Taiwan. A number of ADHD patients start taking medications in elementary school and continue their treatment until they are in college or adulthood. Methylphenidate is the most frequently used medication prescribed for ADHD treatment. The influence of long-term treatment of methylphenidate on neuro-development, especially dopaminergic neurons, in rats would be explored. This study investigated the impact of long-term treatment of methylphenidate on different neurons. Rats aged 1 month were divided into three groups: Normal group receiving only sucrose solution, Low-dose group receiving 2â¯mg/kg methylphenidate, and High-dose group receiving 10â¯mg/kg methylphenidate; for each group, the drug was administrated twice per day. After 7 months of the treatment period, then the alterations in number of norepinephrine, serotonergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons were quantified. The number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), the serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and the cholinergic neurons in the tegmental nucleus significantly decreased as compared with Normal group, whereas the noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus substantially increased. The whole-cell recording was made from dopaminergic neurons residing in the SN for examination of their firing activity. The recorded dopaminergic neurons in SN were categorized into slow and fast firing using 10â¯Hz as a classified index. The results displayed that the ratio of dopaminergic neurons with fast firing in the High-dose group was less as compared with those in the Normal and the Low-dose group. Furthermore, the amplitude of action potential of the dopaminergic neurons with slow firing was higher in the High-dose group than those in the Normal and Low-dose groups. The firing behavior of dopaminergic neurons and dopamine concentration in the brain is affected by the long-term challenge of methylphenidate.
Subject(s)
Action Potentials/drug effects , Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects , Methylphenidate/pharmacology , Time , Action Potentials/physiology , Animals , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology , Dopamine/pharmacology , Male , Methylphenidate/administration & dosage , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Substantia Nigra/drug effectsABSTRACT
The O-methylguanine-DNA-methyltranferase (MGMT) status is a powerful predictor of response to temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) patients, and it is commonly assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), quantitative real-time MSP (qMSP), and/or pyrosequencing (PSQ). This study was to compare their predictive power of prognosis in 121 newly diagnosed GBM patients using multivariate Cox regression with bootstrapping. MGMT status tested by IHC, MSP, qMSP, or PSQ all showed significant correlation with the progression-free survival and overall survival of GBM patients. The predictive power of IHC for progression-free survival and overall survival was lower than those of the methylation assays, but their differences were not significant. Performing additional methylation assay, especially PSQ, could better predict the prognosis of patients with IHC- tumors. MGMT status tested by IHC, MSP, qMSP, or PSQ all showed prognostic significance. An additional MGMT methylation assay, of which PSQ appeared to be the best, could improve the predictive power for GBM patients with MGMT IHC- tumors.
Subject(s)
Brain Neoplasms , DNA Modification Methylases/metabolism , DNA Repair Enzymes/metabolism , Glioblastoma , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism , Adult , Brain Neoplasms/enzymology , Brain Neoplasms/mortality , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Glioblastoma/enzymology , Glioblastoma/mortality , Glioblastoma/pathology , Humans , Male , Survival RateABSTRACT
We evaluated the predictive value of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protein expression and MGMT promoter methylation status in glioblastomas (GBM) treated with temozolomide (TMZ) in a Taiwan medical center. Protein expression by immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) and MGMT promoter methylation detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) were performed in a series of 107 newly diagnosed GBMs. We used endothelial cells as an internal reference for IHC staining because the staining intensities of the MGMT-expressing cells in different specimens varied considerably; a positive result was defined as the staining intensity of the majority of tumor cells similar to that of the adjacent endothelial cells. Immunostainings for microglial/endothelial markers were included as part of the MGMT IHC evaluation, and in cases that were difficult to interpret, double-labeling helped to clarify the nature of reactive cells. The MGMT protein expression was reversely associated with MGMT promoter methylation status in 83.7% of cases (MSP/IHC and MSP/IHC; Pearson r=-0.644, P<0.001). Twenty-two of 24 (91.7%) IHC tumors did not respond to TMZ treatment. Combining MSP and IHC results, all the 15 MSP/IHC GBMs were TMZ resistant. The MGMT status detected by either IHC or MSP was significantly correlated with the TMZ treatment response (both P<0.001) and survival of GBM patients (both P<0.05).
