Dissemination of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 8 (USA300) in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: In Taiwan, sequence type (ST) 239 and ST59 were two major clones among meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates in the past two decades. USA300 (ST8) prevailed in the Americas but not in outside areas. Recently USA300 (ST8) emerged and was increasingly identified in Taiwan; we thus conducted an island-wide study to explore the role of USA300 among MRSA isolates. METHODS: One hundred MRSA bloodstream isolates identified in 2020 from each of the six participating hospitals in Taiwan were collected and characterized. The first 10 ST8 isolates from each hospital were further analysed by whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS: Of the 590 confirmed MRSA isolates, a total of 22 pulsotypes and 21 STs were identified. The strain of pulsotype AI/ST8 was the most common lineage identified, accounting for 187 isolates (31.7%) and dominating in five of six hospitals, followed by pulsotype A/ST239 (14.7%), pulsotype C/ST59 (13.9%) and pulsotype D/ST59 (9.2%). Of the 187 pulsotype AI/ST8 isolates, 184 isolates were characterized as USA300 and clustered in three major sub-pulsotypes, accounting for 78%. Ninety per cent of the 60 ST8 isolates for whole-genome sequencing were clustered in three major clades. CONCLUSIONS: In 2020, USA300 became the most common clone of MRSA in Taiwan, accounting for >30% of MRSA bloodstream isolates island wide. Most of USA300 isolates circulating in Taiwan might have been imported on multiple occasions and evolved into at least three successful local clades. MRSA USA300 has successfully established its role in Taiwan, an area outside of the Americas.

Prospective multinational serosurveillance study of Bordetella pertussis infection among 10- to 18-year-old Asian children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: Bordetella pertussis continues to cause outbreaks worldwide. To assess the role of children and adolescent in transmission of pertussis in Asia, we performed a multinational serosurveillance study. METHODS: From July 2013 to June 2016, individuals aged 10 to 18 years who had not received any pertussis-containing vaccine within the prior year were recruited in 10 centres in Asia. Serum anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG was measured by ELISA. Demographic data and medical histories were obtained. In the absence of pertussis immunization, anti-PT IgG ≥62.5 IU/mL was interpreted as B. pertussis infection within 12 months prior, among them levels ≥125 IU/mL were further identified as infection within 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 1802 individuals were enrolled. Anti-PT IgG geometric mean concentration was 4.5, and 87 (4.8%) individuals had levels ≥62.5 IU/mL; among them, 73 (83.9%) had received three or more doses of pertussis vaccine before age 6 years. Of 30 participants with persistent cough during the past 6 months, one (3.3%) had level ≥125 IU/mL. There was no significant difference in proportions with anti-PT IgG ≥62.5 IU/mL among age groups (13-15 vs. 10-12 years, 16-18 vs. 10-12 years), between types of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DTP; whole cell vs. acellular), number of doses before age 6 years within the DTP whole-cell pertussis vaccine (five vs. four doses) or acellular pertussis vaccine (five vs. four doses) and history of persistent cough during the past 6 months (yes vs. no). CONCLUSIONS: There is significant circulation of B. pertussis amongst Asian children and adolescents, with one in 20 having serologic evidence of recent infection regardless of vaccination background.

Fluoroquinolones versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Fluoroquinolones are a popular alternative to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on mortality of S. maltophilia infections. DATA SOURCES: PubMed and EMBASE. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Clinical studies reporting mortality outcomes of S. maltophilia infections. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with clinical infections caused by S. maltophilia. INTERVENTIONS: Fluoroquinolone monotherapy in comparison with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole monotherapy. METHODS: Systematic review with meta-analysis technique. RESULTS: Seven retrospective cohort and seven case-control studies were included. Three cohort studies were designed to compare the two drugs, whereas others had other purposes. A total of 663 patients were identified, 332 of which were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (50.1%) and 331 with fluoroquinolones (49.9%). Three cohort studies were designed to compare the effect of the two drugs, whereas the others had other purposes. Levofloxacin was most frequently used among fluoroquinolones (187/331, 56.5%), followed by ciprofloxacin (114/331, 34.4%). The overall mortality rate was 29.6%. Using pooled ORs for the mortality of each study, fluoroquinolone treatment (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.99) was associated with survival benefit over trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment, with low heterogeneity (I2 = 18%). Specific fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.17-1.12) and levofloxacin (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.48-1.26) did not show a significant difference in comparison with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In the sub-group analyses of adult and bacteraemic patients, significant differences in mortality were not observed between fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a meta-analysis of non-randomized studies, fluoroquinolones demonstrated comparable effects on mortality of S. maltophilia infection to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, supporting the use of fluoroquinolones in clinical S. maltophilia infections. Although the pooled analysis of overall studies favoured fluoroquinolones over trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the studies included were observational, and sub-group analyses of certain fluoroquinolone agents did not show statistical differences with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Randomized clinical studies are needed to address these issues.

Predictors of outcome in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock due to extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

PURPOSE: There are few data in the literature regarding sepsis or septic shock due to extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (E). The aim of this study was to assess predictors of outcome in septic patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by ESBL-E. METHODS: Patients with severe sepsis or septic shock and BSI due to ESBL-E were selected from the INCREMENT database. The primary endpoint of the study was the evaluation of predictors of outcome after 30 days from development of severe sepsis or septic shock due to ESBL-E infection. Three cohorts were created for analysis: global, empirical-therapy and targeted-therapy cohorts. RESULTS: 367 septic patients were analysed. Overall mortality was 43.9% at 30 days. Escherichia coli (62.4%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (27.2%) were the most frequent isolates. ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitor (BLBLI) combinations were the most empirically used drug (43.6%), followed by carbapenems (29.4%). Empirical therapy was active in vitro in 249 (67.8%) patients, and escalation of antibiotic therapy was reported in 287 (78.2%) patients. Cox regression analysis showed that age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, McCabe classification, Pitt bacteremia score, abdominal source of infection and escalation of antibiotic therapy were independently associated with 30-day mortality. No differences in survival were reported in patients treated with BLBLI combinations or carbapenems in empirical or definitive therapy. CONCLUSIONS: BSI due to ESBL-E in patients who developed severe sepsis or septic shock was associated with high 30-day mortality. Comorbidities, severity scores, source of infection and antibiotic therapy escalation were important determinants of unfavorable outcome.

Prolonged postprocedural outbreak of Mycobacterium massiliense infections associated with ultrasound transmission gel.

Postprocedural infections by Mycobacterium abscessus complex are increasing worldwide, and the source and route of transmission are infrequently identified. Here the extension of a previous clustering of paediatric patients with surgical site infections due to a single strain of the subspecies M. massiliense is reported. The investigation was conducted at a 2200-bed teaching hospital in Taiwan and included microbial surveillance of the environment (water, air, equipment and supplies) and a case-control study. We performed molecular identification and typing of the isolates by a trilocus sequencing scheme, confirmed by multilocus sequencing typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. We investigated 40 patients who developed postprocedure soft tissue or bloodstream infections by M. massiliense (TPE101) during a 3-year period. Thirty-eight patients were identified at hospital A, and one newborn and her mother were identified at hospital B (185 km from hospital A). A case-control study identified the association of invasive procedures (adjusted odds ratio, 9.13) and ultrasonography (adjusted odds ratio, 2.97) (both p <0.05) with acquiring the outbreak strain. Isolates from the cases and unopened bottles of ultrasound transmission gel were all of strain ST48 and indistinguishable or closely related by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. After replacement of contaminated gel, no new cases were detected during 18 months' follow-up. This investigation identified the use of contaminated gel as the common source causing an outbreak on a larger scale than had been recognized. Our findings halted production by the manufacturer and prompted revision of hospital guidelines.

Changing aetiology of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections at three medical centres in Taiwan, 2000-2011.

This multicentre surveillance study was conducted to investigate the trends in incidence and aetiology of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections (HCA-BSIs) in Taiwan. From 2000 to 2011 a total of 56 830 HCA-BSIs were recorded at three medical centres, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the most common pathogens isolated (n = 9465, 16·7%), followed by E. coli (n = 7599, 13·4%). The incidence of all HCA-BSIs in each and all hospitals significantly increased over the study period owing to the increase of aerobic Gram-positive cocci and Enterobacteriaceae by 4·2% and 3·6%, respectively. Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria, Bacteroides spp. and Candida spp. also showed an increase but there was a significant decline in the numbers of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In conclusion, the incidence of HCA-BSIs in Taiwan is significantly increasing, especially for Enterobacteriaceae and aerobic Gram-positive cocci.

From SARS in 2003 to H1N1 in 2009: lessons learned from Taiwan in preparation for the next pandemic.

In anticipation of a future pandemic potentially arising from H5N1, H7N9 avian influenza or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and in large part in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the city of Taipei, Taiwan, has developed extensive new strategies to manage pandemics. These strategies were tested during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. This article assesses pandemic preparedness in Taipei in the wake of recent pandemic experiences in order to draw lessons relevant to the broader international public health community. Drawing on Taiwan and Taipei Centers for Disease Control data on pandemic response and control, we evaluated the effectiveness of the changes in pandemic response policies developed by these governments over time, emphasizing hospital and medical interventions with particular attention paid to Traffic Control Bundling. SARS and H1N1 2009 catalysed the Taiwan and Taipei CDCs to continuously improve and adjust their strategies for a future pandemic. These new strategies for pandemic response and control have been largely effective at providing interim pandemic containment and control, while development and implementation of an effective vaccination programme is underway. As Taipei's experiences with these cases illustrate, in mitigating moderate or severe pandemic influenza, a graduated process including Traffic Control Bundles accompanied by hospital and medical interventions, as well as school- and community-focused interventions, provides an effective interim response while awaiting vaccine development. Once a vaccine is developed, to maximize pandemic control effectiveness, it should be allocated with priority given to vulnerable groups, healthcare workers and school children.

Trends in the susceptibility of commonly encountered clinically significant anaerobes and susceptibilities of blood isolates of anaerobes to 16 antimicrobial agents, including fidaxomicin and rifaximin, 2008-2012, northern Taiwan.

We investigated the antimicrobial resistance trends and profiles of clinical anaerobic isolates in northern Taiwan. Trends in the susceptibility of five commonly encountered clinical anaerobic isolates to seven agents from 2008 to 2012 were measured using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16 antimicrobial agents, including fidaxomicin and rifaximin, against anaerobic blood isolates from two medical centers were determined using the agar dilution method. During the study period, susceptibility data on 11,105 isolates were evaluated. Metronidazole and chloramphenicol retained excellent activities. Around 20-30 % of isolates of Bacteroides and Prevotella species were resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam, cefmetazole, flomoxef, and clindamycin. Of the 507 tested blood isolates, the rates of resistance to commonly used agents were much higher, namely, 16.2 % for amoxicillin-clavulanate, 15.6 % for ampicillin-sulbactam, 24.7 % for cefmetazole, and 36.1 % for clindamycin. Notably, 13.5 % of B. fragilis isolates were resistant to ertapenem. Also, 15.2 % of B. uniformis, 17.2 % of other Bacteroides species, 14.3 % of Prevotella species, and 14 % of Clostridium other than C. perfringens isolates were resistant to moxifloxacin. Cefoperazone-sulbactam was active against most isolates, except for Clostridium species other than perfringens (resistance rate, 18.6 %). Fidaxomicin exerted poor activities against most anaerobes tested (MIC90 of >128 µg/ml for B. fragilis and all isolates), except for C. perfringens (MIC90 of 0.03 µg/ml) and Peptostreptococcus micros (MIC90 of 2 µg/ml). However, rifaximin showed a wide range of susceptibilities against the tested anaerobes (MIC90 of 0.5 µg/ml for B. fragilis). The emergence of resistance to ertapenem and moxifloxacin among bacteremic anaerobes highlights the need for continuous monitoring.

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica: an important emerging pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections.

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica has been deemed a potentially important threat to patients in critical care areas because of its multidrug-resistant phenotype and its ability to adapt to various environments. This review considers the incidence, factors which predispose to, and clinical features of, E. meningoseptica sepsis, along with antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical E. meningoseptica isolates and reportedly successful measures for the prevention and control of infections caused by this bacterium. The English-language literature from the PubMed database was reviewed. The incidence of E. meningoseptica bacteraemia has increased over the last decade. Patients at high risk of E. meningoseptica infection include preterm children, the immunocompromised and those exposed to antibiotics in critical care units. Vancomycin, rifampicin, newer fluoroquinolones, piperacillin-tazobactam, minocycline and possibly tigecycline are preferred empirical choices for E. meningoseptica infection according to in-vitro susceptibility data. Combination therapy has been used for infections not responding to single agents. Saline, lipid, and chlorhexidine gluconate solutions as well as contaminated sinks have been implicated as sources of infection following outbreak investigations. In addition to reinforcement of standard infection control measures, actions that have successfully terminated E. meningoseptica outbreaks include pre-emptive contact isolation, systematic investigations to identify the source of the bacterium and thorough cleaning of equipment and environmental surfaces. As the clinical complexity and incidence of E. meningoseptica infections increase, there is a need for heightened awareness of the potential for this bacterium to cause outbreaks. This will permit timely initiation of active surveillance for infected/colonized patients as well as investigations to identify the likely source of the bacterium, which will, in turn, allow implementation of appropriate infection control measures.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with pleural infections due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia at a medical center in Taiwan, 2004-2012.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia can cause various clinical diseases; however, pleural infections due to S. maltophilia are rare. We evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with pleural infections (complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema) due to S. maltophilia who were treated at a medical center in Taiwan from 2004 to 2012. During the study period, 40 patients were treated for pleural infections due to S. maltophilia. The incidence of S. maltophilia pleural infections ranged from 2.66 per 1,000,000 patient-days in 2009 to 12.44 per 1,000,000 patient-days in 2011. Most of the patients with S. maltophilia pleural infections were immunocompromised male adults and all of the infections were acquired in healthcare settings. The majority of patients had polymicrobial pleural infections (n = 31, 77.5 %) and the most common pathogen was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 12). The causes of pleural infections due to S. maltophilia were pneumonia due to S. maltophilia in two patients (5 %), post-surgical/tube thoracostomy in 26 (65 %) patients, and fistula (bronchopleural, esophagopleural and biliopleural) in 12 (30 %) patients. The 14-day and 30-day mortality rates were 32.5 % and 42.5 %, respectively. Pleural infections due to S. maltophilia are most commonly the result of surgical procedures, thoracostomy, and underlying fistulas. These infections are associated with a high mortality rate, especially among immunocompromised patients.

Mycobacterial bone marrow infections at a medical centre in Taiwan, 2001-2009.

Mycobacterial bone marrow (BM) infection is the most common diagnosis established by BM examinations for fever of unknown origin. In this study, clinical features and outcomes of patients who fulfilled the criteria for BM infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) at a medical centre in Taiwan from 2001 to 2009 were investigated. The BM histopathological findings were also analysed. A total of 24 patients (16 men, eight women) with mycobacterial BM infections were found. Of these, nine (38%) were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and six (25%) had no pre-existing immunocompromised conditions. MTB isolates were obtained from 11 (46%) patients and NTM species were isolated from 10 (42%) patients, including M. avium complex (MAC, n = 7) and M. kansasii (n = 3). Patients with MTB infections were significantly older than those with NTM infections (60·5 vs. 47·7 years, P = 0·043) and were less likely to have a positive BM culture (45% vs. 100%, P = 0·012). The 90-day survival rates for MTB and NTM BM infections were 68% and 60%, respectively (P = 0·61). In addition, the presence of BM granulomas was significantly more common in patients with MTB BM infections than in those with NTM infections (82% vs. 30%, P = 0·030). In Taiwan, the importance of NTM was not inferior to MTB and besides MAC, M. kansasii might be an important pathogen in non-HIV-infected patients. The presence of BM granulomas and caseation provides valuable information regarding early treatment pending culture results.

Capsular serotypes and multilocus sequence types of bacteremic Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates associated with different types of infections.

We investigated the epidemiology of different serotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates causing bacteremic liver abscess (LA) using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). MLST and molecular typing were performed for 41 K1 (19 LA), 37 K2 (5 LA), and 33 non-K1/K2 (6 LA) isolates that were derived from a previous one-year K. pneumoniae bacteremia cohort. Capsular serotypes and rmpA of these isolates were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Among the 41 K1 isolates, 39 were ST23 and the remaining two isolates were ST23 single-locus variant. There were 11 STs among K2 isolates. ST65 was the most common (n = 10), followed by ST86, ST373, and ST375. Only ST65 (n = 3), ST373 (n = 1), and ST375 (n = 1) caused LA, and ST65 was a three-locus variant of ST23. For non-K1/K2 isolates, the ST types varied widely. ST218 (K57) was the most common type (n = 6, 18 %), and it was a single-locus variant of ST23 and caused two cases of LA. The existences of rmpA among serotypes varied (100 % for K1, 89 % for K2, and 55 % for non-K1/K2). For isolates causing LA, all of them were positive for rmpA. For non-K1/K2 isolates causing infections other than LA, the positivity of rmpA ranged from 0 % (biliary tree infection) to 67 % (pneumonia). In this one-year cohort, all K1 isolates were ST23 or its single-locus variants, but the composition of ST types among K2 isolates was quite variable. ST23 and its one- (ST1005 and ST218) and three-locus (ST65) variants comprised 80 % of isolates causing LA.

Direct observation therapy with appropriate treatment regimens was associated with a decline in second-line drug-resistant tuberculosis in Taiwan.

The resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) to second-line drugs (SLDs) is growing worldwide; however, associations between the appropriateness of treatment for tuberculosis (TB) and whether the directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS)/DOTS-plus programs had an impact on the prevalence of SLD-resistant MTB are still uncertain. We performed a retrospective analysis of resistance profiles among MTB isolates obtained from 6,035 consecutive patients from 2004 to 2011 at two TB referral hospitals in Taiwan. There was a significant decrease (all p-values <0.01) in the prevalence of MTB isolates that were resistant to fluoroquinolones, injectable SLDs, and orally administered SLDs, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) MTB isolates over time. There was a significant increase in the coverage rate of DOTS/DOTS-plus programs and that of administering appropriate first-line and second-line regimens (all p < 0.01). Compared with isoniazid-susceptible isolates, high-level (1.0 mg/L) isoniazid-resistant and MDR isolates showed extensive cross resistance to ofloxacin (5.9%, p < 0.01 and 33.6%, p < 0.01), levofloxacin (9.6%, p < 0.01 and 38.1%, p < 0.01), moxifloxacin (11.1%, p < 0.01 and 26.5%, p < 0.01), kanamycin (6.8 %, p < 0.01 and 16.7 %, p < 0.01), ethionamide (6.4%, p < 0.01 and 16.2%, p < 0.01), and para-aminosalicylic acid (13.1%, p < 0.01 and 20.4%, p < 0.01), but not to capreomycin (2.0%, p = 0.06 and 1.6%, p = 0.08). The decline in prevalence of resistance to SLDs was negatively correlated with the rise in rates of administering appropriate regimens as well as the DOTS/DOTS-plus programs, but not with the increase in usage of second-line regimens. The implementation of DOTS/DOTS-plus programs with appropriate regimens was associated with a decrease in the prevalence of SLD-resistant and XDR TB.

Trends in the susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to nine antimicrobial agents, including ceftobiprole, nemonoxacin, and tyrothricin: results from the Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, 2006-2010.

This study investigated the in vitro susceptibilities of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to nine antimicrobial agents in Taiwan. A total of 1,725 isolates were obtained from 20 hospitals throughout Taiwan from 2006 to 2010. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the nine agents were determined by the agar dilution method. The MICs of mupirocin and tyrothricin were determined for 223 MRSA isolates collected from 2009 to 2010. For vancomycin, 99.7 % were susceptible; however, 30.0 % (n = 517) exhibited MICs of 2 µg/ml and 0.3 % (n = 6) demonstrated intermediate susceptibility (MICs of 4 µg/ml). Nearly all isolates (≥ 99.9 %) were susceptible to teicoplanin, linezolid, and daptomycin. The MIC90 values were 2 µg/ml for ceftobiprole and 1 µg/ml for nemonoxacin. The MIC90 values of mupirocin and tyrothricin were 0.12 and 4 µg/ml, respectively. MIC creep was noted for daptomycin during this period, but not for vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, or tigecycline. For isolates with vancomycin MICs of 2 µg/ml, the MIC90 values were 2 µg/ml for teicoplanin, 0.5 µg/ml for daptomycin, and 0.5 µg/ml for tigecycline. Those values were four- to eight-fold higher than those among isolates with vancomycin MICs of 0.5 µg/ml (2, 0.06, and 0.12 µg/ml, respectively). Of the nine MRSA isolates exhibiting non-susceptibility to vancomycin (n = 6), teicoplanin (n = 1), daptomycin (n = 2), or tigecycline (n = 1), all had different pulsotypes, indicating the absence of intra-hospital or inter-hospital spread. The presence of a high proportion of MRSA isolates with elevated MICs (2 µg/ml) and MIC creep of daptomycin might alert clinicians on the therapy for serious MRSA infections in Taiwan.

Bacteria killing nanotechnology Bio-Kil effectively reduces bacterial burden in intensive care units.

A contaminated hospital environment has been identified as an important reservoir of pathogens causing healthcare-associated infections. This study is to evaluate the efficacy of bacteria killing nanotechnology Bio-Kil on reducing bacterial counts in an intensive care unit (ICU). Two single-bed rooms (S-19 and S-20) in the ICU were selected from 7 April to 27 May 2011. Ten sets of new textiles (pillow cases, bed sheets, duvet cover, and patient clothing) used by patients in the two single-bed rooms were provided by the sponsors. In the room S-20, the 10 sets of new textiles were washed with Bio-Kil; the room walls, ceiling, and air-conditioning filters were treated with Bio-Kil; and the surfaces of instruments (respirator, telephone, and computer) were covered with Bio-Kil-embedded silicon pads. Room S-19 served as the control. We compared the bacterial count on textiles and environment surfaces as well as air samples between the two rooms. A total of 1,364 samples from 22 different sites in each room were collected. The mean bacterial count on textiles and environmental surfaces in room S-20 was significantly lower than that in room S-19 (10.4 vs 49.6 colony-forming units [CFU]/100 cm(2); P < 0.001). Room S-20 had lower bacterial counts in air samples than room S-19 (33.4-37.6 vs 21.6-25.7 CFU/hour/plate; P < 0.001). The density of microbial isolations was significantly greater among patients admitted to room S-19 than those to room S-20 (9.15 vs 5.88 isolates per 100 patient-days, P < 0.05). Bio-Kil can significantly reduce bacterial burden in the environment of the ICU.

Risk factors for levofloxacin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia: a nested case-control study.

This study was performed to evaluate the clinical features of community-onset levofloxacin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal pneumonia and to identify risk factors for levofloxacin resistance. Using the database of a surveillance study of community-acquired pneumococcal infections in Asian countries, we conducted a nested case-control study to identify risk factors for levofloxacin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Of 981 patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, 46 (4.7 %) had levofloxacin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae, of whom 39 evaluable cases were included in the analysis. All cases were from Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Among patients with levofloxacin-susceptible S. pneumoniae, 490 controls were selected based on patient country. Of the 39 cases of levofloxacin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal pneumonia, 23 (59.0 %) were classified as healthcare-associated, while 164 (33.5 %) of the 490 controls of levofloxacin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (P = 0.001) were classified as healthcare-associated. Multivariate analysis showed that previous treatment with fluoroquinolones, cerebrovascular disease, and healthcare-associated infection were significantly associated with levofloxacin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal pneumonia (all P < 0.05). Levofloxacin-nonsusceptible pneumococci pose an important new public health threat in our region, and more information on the emergence and spread of these resistant strains will be necessary to prevent spread throughout the population.

Extrapulmonary infections caused by a dominant strain of Mycobacterium massiliense (Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies bolletii).

A single strain of Mycobacterium massiliense (BRA 100), a subspecies of the Mycobacterium abscessus complex, has been responsible for an epidemic of post-surgical infections in Brazil. Outside Brazil, this is the first report to describe a single emerging strain of M. massiliense (TPE 101) associated with extrapulmonary infections. This phenomenon may be underestimated because sophisticated molecular typing of M. abscessus is not routinely performed. Our molecular epidemiology study was triggered by an outbreak investigation. Nine case isolates were grown from the surgical sites of nine mostly paediatric patients receiving operations from 2010 to 2011. All available non-duplicated isolates of M. abscessus during this period were obtained for comparison. Mycobacteria were characterized by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), repetitive sequence PCR (rep-PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Of 58 isolates of M. abscessus overall, 56 were clinical isolates. MLSA identified 36 of the isolates as M. massiliense. All case isolates were indistinguishable by PFGE and named the TPE 101 pulsotype. Of the stored strains of M. abscessus, TPE 101 strains were over-represented among the control surgical wound (7/7, 100%) and subcutaneous tissue isolates (4/5, 80%) but rare among the respiratory isolates (1/16, 6%) and absent from external skin, ocular and environmental samples. In conclusion, a unique strain of M. massiliense has emerged as a distinctive pathogen causing soft tissue infections in Taiwan. Further study to identify whether this is due to an occult common source or to specific virulence factors dictating tissue tropism is warranted.

Clinical outcomes of tigecycline alone or in combination with other antimicrobial agents for the treatment of patients with healthcare-associated multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections.

Tigecycline (TG) has been shown to be active in vitro against Acinetobacter baumannii, although data on the clinical efficacy of TG alone or in combination for the treatment of infections due to multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB) remain limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of patients with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) caused by MDRAB who were treated with imipenem/cilastatin and sulbactam, and TG alone or in combination with other antibiotics. A total of 386 patients with HAIs caused by MDRAB were retrospectively analyzed and grouped into TG and non-TG groups, depending on whether they received TG treatment. Of the 266 patients in the TG group, 108 were treated with TG alone and 158 were treated with TG in combination with ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam, or a carbapenem. All 120 patients in the non-TG group were treated with imipenem/cilastatin and sulbactam. The primary outcome measure was 30-day mortality after TG treatment and the secondary outcome was clinical outcome. There were no significant differences in survival rates between the two groups. However, the rate of unfavorable outcome was significantly lower (p < 0.05) among patients in the TG group than among patients in the non-TG group. The most significant predictor of unfavorable outcome was sepsis, whereas TG treatment and microbial eradication were the most significant predictors of favorable outcomes. Our study represents the largest study of patients with MDRAB infection treated with TG and expands our understanding of the role of TG therapy alone or in combination with other agents for the treatment of HAI caused by MDRAB.

Pneumonia caused by Aeromonas species in Taiwan, 2004-2011.

We investigated the clinical characteristics of patients with pneumonia caused by Aeromonas species. Patients with pneumonia caused by Aeromonas species during the period 2004 to 2011 were identified from a computerized database of a regional hospital in southern Taiwan. The medical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. Of the 84 patients with pneumonia due to Aeromonas species, possible Aeromonas pneumonia was diagnosed in 58 patients, probable Aeromonas pneumonia was diagnosed in 18 patients, and pneumonia due to Aeromonas was conclusively diagnosed in 8 patients. Most of the cases of Aeromonas pneumonia developed in men and in patients of advanced age. A. hydrophila (n = 50, 59.5 %) was the most common pathogen, followed by A. caviae (n = 24, 28.6 %), A. veronii biovar sobria (n = 7, 8.3 %), and A. veronii biovar veronii (n = 3, 3.6 %). Cancer (n = 37, 44.0 %) was the most common underlying disease, followed by diabetes mellitus (n = 27, 32.1 %). Drowning-associated pneumonia developed in 6 (7.1 %) patients. Of 47 patients who were admitted to the intensive care ward, 42 patients developed acute respiratory failure and 24 of those patients died. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was significantly associated with liver cirrhosis, cancer, initial presentation of shock, and usage of mechanical ventilation. In conclusion, Aeromonas species should be considered as one of the causative pathogens of severe pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised patients, and should be recognized as a cause of drowning-associated pneumonia. Cirrhosis, cancer, and shock as the initial presenting symptom are associated with poor outcome.