Biphasic photobiomodulation of inflammation in mouse models of common wounds, infected wounds, and diabetic wounds.

Bidirectional photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is an active research area. However, most studies have focused on its dependence on optical parameters rather than on its tissue-dependent effects. We constructed mouse models of wounds in three inflammatory states (normal, low, and high levels of inflammations) to assess the bidirectional regulatory effect of PBM on inflammation. Mice were divided into three groups to prepare common wounds, diabetic wounds, and bacteria-infected wounds. The same PBM protocol was used to regularly irradiate the wounds over a 14 d period. PBM promoted healing of all three kinds of wounds, but the inflammatory manifestations in each were significantly different. In common wounds, PBM slightly increased the aggregation of inflammatory cells and expression of IL-6 but had no effect on the inflammatory score. For wounds in a high level of inflammation caused by infection, PBM significantly increased TNF-α expression in the first 3 d of treatment but quickly eliminated inflammation after the acute phase. For the diabetic wounds in a low level of inflammation, PBM intervention significantly increased inflammation scores and prevented neutrophils from falling below baseline levels at the end of the 14 d observation period. Under fixed optical conditions, PBM has a bidirectional (pro- or anti-inflammatory) effect on inflammation, depending on the immune state of the target organism and the presence of inflammatory stimulants. Our results provide a basis for the formulation of clinical guidelines for PBM application.

Evolution of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Activity Induced by Charge Segregation in Atomically Precise AuAg Nanoclusters Based on Icosahedral M13 Unit 3D Assembly.

The precise self-assembly of building blocks at atomic level provides the opportunity to achieve clusters with advanced catalytic properties. However, most of the current self-assembled materials are fabricated by 1/2D assembly of blocks. High dimensional (that is, 3D) assembly is widely believed to improve the performance of cluster. Herein, the effect of 3D assembly on the activity for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) is investigated by using a range of clusters (Au8 Ag55 , Au8 Ag57 , Au12 Ag60 ) based on 3D assembly of M13 unit as models. Although three clusters have almost the same sizes and geometric structures, Au8 Ag55 exhibits the best CO2 RR performance due to the strong CO2 adsorption capacity and effective inhibition of H2 evolution competition reaction. The deep insight into the superior activity of Au8 Ag55 is the unique electronic structure attributed to the charge segregation. This study not only demonstrates that the assembly mode greatly affects the catalytic activity, but also offers an idea for rational designing and precisely constructing catalysts with controllable activities.

Effects of the Tibetan medicine Byur dMar Nyer lNga Ril Bu on Alzheimer's disease in mice models.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Byur dMar Nyer lNga Ril Bu (BdNlRB) is a classic Tibetan medicine prescription for treating " white vein disease". Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system, characterized by distinct "white vein disease". In the absence of effective drugs for AD, BdNlRB may be a possible treatment for AD. AIM OF THE STUDY: To verify the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of the proved Tibetan medicine BdNlRB on Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice (Mt) and 60 Aß1-40 protein-induced AD mice (Mi) were divided into 3 groups according to the dose of BdNlRB: BdNlRB-100, BdNlRB-200 and BdNlRB-400, with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg*weight, respectively. The mice were administrated by gavage for 8 weeks. The cognitive ability of mice was detected by Morris Water Maze, the expression of Aß protein, p-tau and microglia was detected by immunofluorescent staining, the protein expression in the hippocampus was detected by proteomics, and the abundance of fecal intestinal flora was detected by 16S RNA. RESULTS: The learning ability and memory ability of Mi mice were significantly improved after BdNlRB administration. The learning ability of Mt mice was significantly improved, while the memory ability was not improved after BdNlRB administration. After the treatment with low and medium doses of BdNlRB, the expression of p-tau decreased significantly (the rate of decrease in BdNlRB-100 and BdNlRB-200 groups was 8.05% and 12.7%, respectively), and the number of microglia increased (39.3% and 31.6%, respectively). BdNlRB significantly affected the protein expression in the hippocampus of Mt mice. 382 proteins in different expression in all three groups mainly involved in amino acid synthesis, fatty acid degradation, glutamine metabolism, synaptic vesicular cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, PPAR signaling pathway and Fc gamma-mediated phagocytosis were activated. Meanwhile, the administration of BdNlRB can regulate the intestinal flora of Mt mice, which reduces the abundance of Muribaculum and uncultured bacteroidales bacterium, and improves the abundance of Ruminococcus-1 and Ruminiclostridium-9. CONCLUSION: The oral administration of BdNlRB significantly improved the cognitive ability of AD mice, and neuroinflammation and intestinal flora regulation were the possible mechanisms.