Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 10 de 10
Filter
Add more filters










Publication year range
1.
Sci Transl Med ; 12(557)2020 08 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32817366

ABSTRACT

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) drive hepatic fibrosis. Therapies that inactivate HSCs have clinical potential as antifibrotic agents. We previously identified acid ceramidase (aCDase) as an antifibrotic target. We showed that tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) reduce hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting aCDase and increasing the bioactive sphingolipid ceramide. We now demonstrate that targeting aCDase inhibits YAP/TAZ activity by potentiating its phosphorylation-mediated proteasomal degradation via the ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein ß-TrCP. In mouse models of fibrosis, pharmacologic inhibition of aCDase or genetic knockout of aCDase in HSCs reduces fibrosis, stromal stiffness, and YAP/TAZ activity. In patients with advanced fibrosis, aCDase expression in HSCs is increased. Consistently, a signature of the genes most down-regulated by ceramide identifies patients with advanced fibrosis who could benefit from aCDase targeting. The findings implicate ceramide as a critical regulator of YAP/TAZ signaling and HSC activation and highlight aCDase as a therapeutic target for the treatment of fibrosis.


Subject(s)
Acid Ceramidase , Hepatic Stellate Cells , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism , Animals , Fibrosis , Hepatic Stellate Cells/metabolism , Humans , Mice , Signal Transduction
2.
Bioessays ; 40(12): e1800140, 2018 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30387177

ABSTRACT

Efforts from diverse disciplines, including evolutionary studies and biomechanical experiments, have yielded new insights into the genetic, signaling, and mechanical control of tooth formation and functions. Evidence from fossils and non-model organisms has revealed that a common set of genes underlie tooth-forming potential of epithelia, and changes in signaling environments subsequently result in specialized dentitions, maintenance of dental stem cells, and other phenotypic adaptations. In addition to chemical signaling, tissue forces generated through epithelial contraction, differential growth, and skeletal constraints act in parallel to shape the tooth throughout development. Here recent advances in understanding dental development from these studies are reviewed and important gaps that can be filled through continued application of evolutionary and biomechanical approaches are discussed.


Subject(s)
Biological Evolution , Fossils , Tooth/embryology , Tooth/growth & development , Animals , Biomechanical Phenomena , Cell Differentiation , Cell Proliferation , Dentition , Fishes/growth & development , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Stem Cells/cytology , Stem Cells/physiology , Tooth/cytology , Tooth/metabolism
3.
J Biol Chem ; 292(36): 15062-15069, 2017 09 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28733464

ABSTRACT

An important event in organogenesis is the formation of signaling centers, which are clusters of growth factor-secreting cells. In the case of tooth development, sequentially formed signaling centers known as the initiation knot (IK) and the enamel knot (EK) regulate morphogenesis. However, despite the importance of signaling centers, their origin, as well as the fate of the cells composing them, remain open questions. Here, using lineage tracing of distinct epithelial populations, we found that the EK of the mouse incisor is derived de novo from a group of SRY-box 2 (Sox2)-expressing cells in the posterior half of the tooth germ. Specifically, EK progenitors are located in the posterior ventral basal layer, as demonstrated by DiI labeling of cells. Lineage tracing the formed EK with ShhCreER , which encodes an inducible Cre recombinase under the control of the Sonic hedgehog promoter, at subsequent developmental stages showed that, once formed, some EK cells in the incisor give rise to differentiated cells, whereas in the molar, EK cells give rise to the buccal secondary EK. This work thus establishes the developmental origin as well as the fate of the EK and reveals two strategies for the emergence of serially formed signaling centers: one through de novo establishment and the other by incorporation of progeny from previously formed signaling centers.


Subject(s)
Cell Lineage , Epithelial Cells/cytology , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Tooth/cytology , Tooth/growth & development , Animals , Cell Tracking , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Tooth/metabolism
4.
Cell Stem Cell ; 21(1): 91-106.e6, 2017 07 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28457749

ABSTRACT

Tissue homeostasis requires the production of newly differentiated cells from resident adult stem cells. Central to this process is the expansion of undifferentiated intermediates known as transit-amplifying (TA) cells, but how stem cells are triggered to enter this proliferative TA state remains an important open question. Using the continuously growing mouse incisor as a model of stem cell-based tissue renewal, we found that the transcriptional cofactors YAP and TAZ are required both to maintain TA cell proliferation and to inhibit differentiation. Specifically, we identified a pathway involving activation of integrin α3 in TA cells that signals through an LATS-independent FAK/CDC42/PP1A cascade to control YAP-S397 phosphorylation and nuclear localization. This leads to Rheb expression and potentiates mTOR signaling to drive the proliferation of TA cells. These findings thus reveal a YAP/TAZ signaling mechanism that coordinates stem cell expansion and differentiation during organ renewal.


Subject(s)
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism , Cell Differentiation , Cell Proliferation , Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/metabolism , Incisor/metabolism , Phosphoproteins/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Stem Cells/metabolism , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics , Animals , Cell Cycle Proteins , Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/genetics , Incisor/cytology , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Phosphoproteins/genetics , Stem Cells/cytology , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , YAP-Signaling Proteins
5.
Nat Cell Biol ; 15(7): 846-52, 2013 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23728424

ABSTRACT

The polycomb group gene Bmi1 is required for maintenance of adult stem cells in many organs. Inactivation of Bmi1 leads to impaired stem cell self-renewal due to deregulated gene expression. One critical target of BMI1 is Ink4a/Arf, which encodes the cell-cycle inhibitors p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf). However, deletion of Ink4a/Arf only partially rescues Bmi1-null phenotypes, indicating that other important targets of BMI1 exist. Here, using the continuously growing mouse incisor as a model system, we report that Bmi1 is expressed by incisor stem cells and that deletion of Bmi1 resulted in fewer stem cells, perturbed gene expression and defective enamel production. Transcriptional profiling revealed that Hox expression is normally repressed by BMI1 in the adult, and functional assays demonstrated that BMI1-mediated repression of Hox genes preserves the undifferentiated state of stem cells. As Hox gene upregulation has also been reported in other systems when Bmi1 is inactivated, our findings point to a general mechanism whereby BMI1-mediated repression of Hox genes is required for the maintenance of adult stem cells and for prevention of inappropriate differentiation.


Subject(s)
ADP-Ribosylation Factors/physiology , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/physiology , Dental Enamel/cytology , Genes, Homeobox/physiology , Incisor/cytology , Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/physiology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology , Stem Cells/cytology , Animals , Cell Differentiation , Cells, Cultured , Dental Enamel/metabolism , Incisor/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Stem Cells/metabolism
6.
Genes Dev ; 26(18): 2088-102, 2012 Sep 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22987639

ABSTRACT

Muscle progenitor cells migrate from the lateral somites into the developing vertebrate limb, where they undergo patterning and differentiation in response to local signals. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted molecule made in the posterior limb bud that affects patterning and development of multiple tissues, including skeletal muscles. However, the cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous functions of Shh during limb muscle formation have remained unclear. We found that Shh affects the pattern of limb musculature non-cell-autonomously, acting through adjacent nonmuscle mesenchyme. However, Shh plays a cell-autonomous role in maintaining cell survival in the dermomyotome and initiating early activation of the myogenic program in the ventral limb. At later stages, Shh promotes slow muscle differentiation cell-autonomously. In addition, Shh signaling is required cell-autonomously to regulate directional muscle cell migration in the distal limb. We identify neuroepithelial cell transforming gene 1 (Net1) as a downstream target and effector of Shh signaling in that context.


Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation , Extremities/embryology , Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/embryology , Signal Transduction , Animals , Cell Death , Cell Movement , Chick Embryo , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Hedgehog Proteins/genetics , Mice , Muscle, Skeletal/cytology , Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
7.
Science ; 332(6033): 1083-6, 2011 May 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21617075

ABSTRACT

Two broad classes of models have been proposed to explain the patterning of the proximal-distal axis of the vertebrate limb (from the shoulder to the digit tips). Differentiating between them, we demonstrate that early limb mesenchyme in the chick is initially maintained in a state capable of generating all limb segments through exposure to a combination of proximal and distal signals. As the limb bud grows, the proximal limb is established through continued exposure to flank-derived signal(s), whereas the developmental program determining the medial and distal segments is initiated in domains that grow beyond proximal influence. In addition, the system we have developed, combining in vitro and in vivo culture, opens the door to a new level of analysis of patterning mechanisms in the limb.


Subject(s)
Body Patterning , Extremities/embryology , Limb Buds/embryology , Animals , Cell Proliferation , Cells, Cultured , Chick Embryo , Chondrogenesis , Culture Media , Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism , Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism , Limb Buds/cytology , Limb Buds/metabolism , Mesoderm/cytology , Mesoderm/embryology , Mesoderm/metabolism , Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 Protein , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Tretinoin/metabolism , Tretinoin/pharmacology , Wnt Proteins/metabolism , Wnt Proteins/pharmacology
8.
Curr Biol ; 20(22): 1993-2002, 2010 Nov 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21055947

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The vertebrate limb is a classical model for understanding patterning of three-dimensional structures during embryonic development. Although decades of research have elucidated the tissue and molecular interactions within the limb bud required for patterning and morphogenesis of the limb, the cellular and molecular events that shape the limb bud itself have remained largely unknown. RESULTS: We show that the mesenchymal cells of the early limb bud are not disorganized within the ectoderm as previously thought but are instead highly organized and polarized. Using time-lapse video microscopy, we demonstrate that cells move and divide according to this orientation. The combination of oriented cell divisions and movements drives the proximal-distal elongation of the limb bud necessary to set the stage for subsequent morphogenesis. These cellular events are regulated by the combined activities of the WNT and FGF pathways. We show that WNT5A/JNK is necessary for the proper orientation of cell movements and cell division. In contrast, the FGF/MAPK signaling pathway, emanating from the apical ectodermal ridge, does not regulate cell orientation in the limb bud but instead establishes a gradient of cell velocity enabling continuous rearrangement of the cells at the distal tip of the limb. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these data shed light on the cellular basis of vertebrate limb bud morphogenesis and uncover new layers to the sequential signaling pathways acting during vertebrate limb development.


Subject(s)
Fibroblast Growth Factors/physiology , JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology , Limb Buds/embryology , MAP Kinase Signaling System , Wnt Proteins/physiology , Animals , Body Patterning/genetics , Cell Movement , Chick Embryo , Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism , Embryonic Development/genetics , Female , Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism , JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Limb Buds/cytology , Limb Buds/metabolism , Mice , Morphogenesis/genetics , Wnt Proteins/genetics , Wnt Proteins/metabolism , Wnt-5a Protein
9.
Development ; 134(14): 2639-49, 2007 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17567667

ABSTRACT

Runx transcription factors determine cell fate in many lineages. Maintaining balanced levels of Runx proteins is crucial, as deregulated expression leads to cancers and developmental disorders. We conducted a forward genetic screen in zebrafish for positive regulators of runx1 that yielded the cohesin subunit rad21. Zebrafish embryos lacking Rad21, or cohesin subunit Smc3, fail to express runx3 and lose hematopoietic runx1 expression in early embryonic development. Failure to develop differentiated blood cells in rad21 mutants is partially rescued by microinjection of runx1 mRNA. Significantly, monoallelic loss of rad21 caused a reduction in the transcription of runx1 and of the proneural genes ascl1a and ascl1b, indicating that downstream genes are sensitive to Rad21 dose. Changes in gene expression were observed in a reduced cohesin background in which cell division was able to proceed, indicating that cohesin might have a function in transcription that is separable from its mitotic role. Cohesin is a protein complex essential for sister chromatid cohesion and DNA repair that also appears to be essential for normal development through as yet unknown mechanisms. Our findings provide evidence for a novel role for cohesin in development, and indicate potential for monoallelic loss of cohesin subunits to alter gene expression.


Subject(s)
Cell Cycle Proteins/physiology , Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/physiology , Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/biosynthesis , Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/biosynthesis , Nuclear Proteins/physiology , Zebrafish Proteins/biosynthesis , Zebrafish/metabolism , Animals , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism , Blood Cells/cytology , Blood Cells/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , Cell Differentiation , Chromatids/physiology , Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics , Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology , Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Hematopoiesis , Mitosis , Mutation , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Protein Subunits/genetics , Protein Subunits/metabolism , Protein Subunits/physiology , Transcription Factors , Zebrafish/embryology , Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism , Cohesins
10.
Nature ; 438(7068): 671-4, 2005 Dec 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16319892

ABSTRACT

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of gene regulatory molecules (reviewed in refs 1, 2). Although computational work indicates that miRNAs repress more than a third of human genes, their roles in vertebrate development are only now beginning to be determined. Here we show that miR-196 acts upstream of Hoxb8 and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in vivo in the context of limb development, thereby identifying a previously observed but uncharacterized inhibitory activity that operates specifically in the hindlimb. Our data indicate that miR-196 functions in a fail-safe mechanism to assure the fidelity of expression domains that are primarily regulated at the transcriptional level, supporting the idea that many vertebrate miRNAs may function as a secondary level of gene regulation.


Subject(s)
Extremities/embryology , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics , Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Animals , Base Sequence , Chick Embryo , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects , Hedgehog Proteins , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Mice , MicroRNAs/genetics , Organ Specificity , Ribonuclease III/metabolism , Trans-Activators/genetics , Transcription, Genetic/drug effects , Transcription, Genetic/genetics , Tretinoin/pharmacology
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...