Improved deep learning for automatic localisation and segmentation of rectal cancer on T2-weighted MRI.

INTRODUCTION: The automatic segmentation approaches of rectal cancer from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are very valuable to relieve physicians from heavy workloads and enhance working efficiency. This study aimed to compare the segmentation accuracy of a proposed model with the other three models and the inter-observer consistency. METHODS: A total of 65 patients with rectal cancer who underwent MRI examination were enrolled in our cohort and were randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 45) and a validation cohort (n = 20). Two experienced radiologists independently segmented rectal cancer lesions. A novel segmentation model (AttSEResUNet) was trained on T2WI based on ResUNet and attention mechanisms. The segmentation performance of the AttSEResUNet, U-Net, ResUNet and U-Net with Attention Gate (AttUNet) was compared, using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff distance (HD), mean distance to agreement (MDA) and Jaccard index. The segmentation variability of automatic segmentation models and inter-observer was also evaluated. RESULTS: The AttSEResUNet with post-processing showed perfect lesion recognition rate (100%) and false recognition rate (0), and its evaluation metrics outperformed other three models for two independent readers (observer 1: DSC = 0.839 ± 0.112, HD = 9.55 ± 6.68, MDA = 0.556 ± 0.722, Jaccard index = 0.736 ± 0.150; observer 2: DSC = 0.856 ± 0.099, HD = 11.0 ± 10.1, MDA = 0.789 ± 1.07, Jaccard index = 0.673 ± 0.130). The segmentation performance of AttSEResUNet was comparable and similar to manual variability (DSC = 0.857 ± 0.115, HD = 10.0 ± 10.0, MDA = 0.704 ± 1.17, Jaccard index = 0.666 ± 0.139). CONCLUSION: Comparing with other three models, the proposed AttSEResUNet model was demonstrated as a more accurate model for contouring the rectal tumours in axial T2WI images, whose variability was similar to that of inter-observer.

Gender associations between phthalate exposure and biomarkers of oxidative stress: A prospective cohort study.

Previous epidemiologic research has shown that phthalate exposure in pregnant women is related to adverse birth outcomes in a sex-specific manner. However, the biological mechanism of phthalate exposure that causes these birth outcomes remains poorly defined. In this research, we investigated the association between phthalate exposure and placental oxidative stress in a large population-based cohort study, aiming to initially explore the relationship between phthalate exposure and gene expression in placental oxidative stress in a sex-specific manner. Quantitative PCR was performed to measure the expression of placental inflammatory mRNAs (HO-1, HIF1α, and GRP78) in 2469 placentae. The multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the associations between mRNA and urinary phthalate monoesters. Phthalate metabolites monomethyl phthalate (MMP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were positively correlated with higher HIF1α expression in placentae of male fetuses (p < .05). Mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) increased the expression of HO-1, HIF1α, and GRP78 in placentae of male fetuses, and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) up-regulated the expression of HIF1α and GRP78. Additionally, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) was negatively correlated with HO-1, HIF1α, and GRP78 in placentae of female fetuses. Maternal phthalate exposure was associated with oxidative stress variations in placental tissues. The associations were closer in the placentas of male fetuses than in that of female ones. The placenta oxidative stress is worth further investigation as a potential mediator of maternal exposure-induced disease risk in children.

A population-based study exploring association of parasomnia symptoms with sleep onset delay among school-aged children.

OBJECTIVE: Parasomnia is potentially implicated in sleep pattern and sleep architecture, however, evidence is quite limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between parasomnia symptoms and sleep onset delay among children through a large epidemiological study. METHODS: Two rounds of cross-sectional studies were conducted among 21,704 children aged 3-11; one taking place in Shanghai and the other in Sanya, Hainan province. Children's sleep characteristics were evaluated using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Propensity score matching was adopted to balance the difference of covariates, and the logistic regression models were implemented to examine the associations between parasomnia symptoms and sleep onset delay. RESULTS: A total of 38.2 % of children had sleep onset delay. Parasomnias, especially non rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) parasomnia symptoms, were associated with an increased risk of sleep onset delay (Sleep Walking: OR = 1.55; Sleep Terror: OR = 1.34; Nightmare: OR = 1.37, all p˂0.001). The similar findings were observed in stratified analyses according to sleep duration, and the association was pronounced in sleep sufficiency group (Sleep Walking: OR = 1.62; Sleep Terror: OR = 1.35; Nightmare: OR = 1.35, all p˂0.001). Moreover, a dose-dependent pattern was observed, in which cumulative parasomnia symptoms were associated with increasing risk of sleep onset delay (2 symptoms: OR = 1.19; ≥3 symptoms: OR = 1.40; by comparison with ≤1 symptom). All these findings were also similarly observed in the propensity score matching sample. Moreover, the associations were generally established in both Shanghai and Sanya children. CONCLUSIONS: Parasomnia symptoms were associated with a higher risk of sleep onset delay independently of sleep duration among children. More studies are needed to enrich the current evidence, thus further clarifying the association and interaction among different sleep parameters.

Non-Hermitian metagrating for perfect absorption of elastic waves.

Beyond the fashion of Hermitian physics, non-Hermiticity has inspired, most recently, a surge of nontrivial principles and significant applications in both open quantum and classical systems characterized by gain or loss. However, research on elastic wave manipulation is still predominantly focused on conservative Hermitian systems, overlooking the energy interaction with the environment. The unavoidable energy loss, originating from the inherent material properties, is normally ignored. Additionally, most existing materials for elastic wave absorption suffer from complex configurations, sophisticated designs, and large volumes. Achieving highly efficient absorption properties in advanced artificial materials with ultrathin size and easy fabrication is still a challenge. This work proposes a design strategy based on non-Hermitian modulation to address such a challenge. The proposed non-Hermitian metagrating (NHMG), featured with the subwavelength unit cell, achieves the perfect absorption of elastic waves under specific low-loss conditions. The loss-induced non-Hermitian effects for perfect absorption are theoretically elucidated and a design framework is established in the NHMG with irregular and arbitrary shapes. The robust performance of omnidirectional and perfect absorption capabilities with respect to the boundary shape, rotation angle, and wave source location is numerically and experimentally verified. Consequently, a cloaking device based on the NHMG is further designed to avoid arbitrary-shaped targets being detected. Our study enriches the ways to elastic wave manipulation in non-Hermitian materials and provides an ultra-compact solution for wave absorption in engineering applications.

A nomogram for predicting food allergy in infants with feeding problems and malnutrition.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: As oral food challenge (OFC) cannot be performed routinely in the general outpatient, this study aimed to construct a nomogram to predict the odds of food allergy in infants with idiopathic feeding problems and malnutrition. METHODS: From August 2018 to December 2021, 289 infants (median age, 6 months; P25-P75, 4-8) with idiopathic feeding problems and malnutrition were enrolled from seven hospitals in Shanghai, China. Food allergy was defined as a positive response to a skin prick test or OFC, with gastrointestinal, dermatologic, or respiratory symptom improvement after 4 weeks of avoidance of the suspected food. Demographic characteristics, Cow's Milk-related Symptom Scores (CoMiSS), and blood eosinophil amounts were evaluated for their associations with food allergy. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables to develop a nomogram model with the bootstrapped-concordance index as an assessment metric. RESULTS: Totally 249 of 289 infants had food allergy (86.2%). After logistic regression analysis, the feeding pattern (odds ratio [OR] = 5.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.13-13.09), a family history of allergy (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 0.71-4.51), CoMiSS (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.19-1.77), and eosinophil percentage (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11-1.60) were used to develop the model, which had a good performance with an area under the curve of 0.868 (95% CI: 0.792-0.944) and a bootstrapped-concordance index of 0.868. CONCLUSION: Food allergy is common in infants with idiopathic feeding problems and malnutrition. The developed nomogram may help identify infants with food allergy for further diagnosis.

TREG cells and CXCR3+ circulating TFH cells concordantly shape the neutralizing antibody responses in individuals who have recovered from mild COVID-19.

Regulatory T (TREG) cells are involved in the antiviral immune response in patients with COVID-19; however, whether TREG cells are involved in the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response remains unclear. Here, we found that individuals who recovered from mild but not severe COVID-19 had significantly greater frequencies of TREG cells and lower frequencies of CXCR3+ circulating TFH (cTFH) cells than healthy controls. Furthermore, TREG and CXCR3+ cTFH cells were negatively and positively correlated with the nAb responses, respectively, and TREG cells was inversely associated with CXCR3+ cTFH cells in individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19 but not in those with severe disease. Mechanistically, TREG cells inhibited memory B-cell differentiation and antibody production by limiting the activation and proliferation of cTFH cells, especially CXCR3+ cTFH cells, and functional molecule expression. This study provides novel insight showing that mild COVID-19 elicits a concerted nAb responses which are shaped by both TREG and TFH cells.

Sex-specific difference in phenotype of Kabuki syndrome type 2 patients: a matched case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a monogenic disorder leading to special facial features, mental retardation, and multiple system malformations. Lysine demethylase 6A, (KDM6A, MIM*300128) is the pathogenic gene of Kabuki syndrome type 2 (KS2, MIM#300867), which accounts for only 5%-8% of KS. Previous studies suggested that female patients with KS2 may have a milder phenotype. METHOD: We summarized the phenotype and genotype of KS2 patients who were diagnosed in Shanghai Children's Medical Center since July 2017 and conducted a 1:3 matched case-control study according to age and sex to investigate sex-specific differences between patients with and without KS2. RESULTS: There were 12 KS2 cases in this study, and 8 of them matched with 24 controls. The intelligence quotient (IQ) score of the case group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.001). In addition, both the incidence of intellectual disability (ID) (IQ < 70) and moderate-to-severe ID (IQ < 55) were significantly higher in the case group than those in the control group. No sex-specific difference was found in the incidence of ID or moderate-to-severe ID between the female cases and female controls, whereas there was a significant difference between male cases and male controls. Furthermore, the rate of moderate-to-severe ID and congenital heart disease (CHD) was significantly higher in the male group than that in the female group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that a sex-specific difference was exhibited in the clinical phenotypes of KS2 patients. The incidence of CHD was higher in male patients, and mental retardation was significantly impaired. However, the female patients' phenotype was mild.

SARS-CoV-2 spike-reactive naïve B cells and pre-existing memory B cells contribute to antibody responses in unexposed individuals after vaccination.

Introduction: Since December 2019, the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented considerable public health challenges. Multiple vaccines have been used to induce neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and memory B-cell responses against the viral spike (S) glycoprotein, and many essential epitopes have been defined. Previous reports have identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike-reactive naïve B cells and preexisting memory B cells in unexposed individuals. However, the role of these spike-reactive B cells in vaccine-induced immunity remains unknown. Methods: To elucidate the characteristics of preexisting SARS-CoV-2 S-reactive B cells as well as their maturation after antigen encounter, we assessed the relationship of spike-reactive B cells before and after vaccination in unexposed human individuals. We further characterized the sequence identity, targeting domain, broad-spectrum binding activity and neutralizing activity of these SARS-CoV-2 S-reactive B cells by isolating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from these B cells. Results: The frequencies of both spike-reactive naïve B cells and preexisting memory B cells before vaccination correlated with the frequencies of spike-reactive memory B cells after vaccination. Isolated mAbs from spike-reactive naïve B cells before vaccination had fewer somatic hypermutations (SHMs) than mAbs isolated from spike-reactive memory B cells before and after vaccination, but bound SARS-CoV-2 spike in vitro. Intriguingly, these germline-like mAbs possessed broad binding profiles for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, although with low or no neutralizing capacity. According to tracking of the evolution of IGHV4-4/IGKV3-20 lineage antibodies from a single donor, the lineage underwent SHMs and developed increased binding activity after vaccination. Discussion: Our findings suggest that spike-reactive naïve B cells can be expanded and matured by vaccination and cocontribute to vaccine-elicited antibody responses with preexisting memory B cells. Selectively and precisely targeting spike-reactive B cells by rational antigen design may provide a novel strategy for next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.

Time-series analysis of meteorological factors and emergency department visits due to dog/cat bites in Jinshan area, China.

Background: Meteorological factors play an important role in human health. Clarifying the occurrence of dog and cat bites (DCBs) under different meteorological conditions can provide key insights into the prevention of DCBs. Therefore, the objective of the study was to explore the relationship between meteorological factors and DCBs and to provide caution to avoid the incidents that may occur by DCBs. Methods: In this study, data on meteorological factors and cases of DCBs were retrospectively collected at the Shanghai Climate Center and Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, respectively, in 2016-2020. The distributed lag non-linear and time series model (DLNM) were used to examine the effect of meteorological elements on daily hospital visits due to DCBs. Results: A total of 26,857 DCBs were collected ranging from 1 to 39 cases per day. The relationship between ambient temperature and DCBs was J-shaped. DCBs were positively correlated with daily mean temperature (rs = 0.588, P < 0.01). The relative risk (RR) of DCBs was associated with high temperature (RR = 1.450; 95% CI [1.220-1.722]). Female was more susceptible to high temperature than male. High temperature increased the risk of DCBs. Conclusions: The extremely high temperature increased the risk of injuries caused by DCBs, particularly for females. These data may help to develop public health strategies for potentially avoiding the occurrence of DCBs.

SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific TFH cells exhibit unique responses in infected and vaccinated individuals.

Long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for preventing reinfection. The production of neutralizing antibody (nAb) and B cell differentiation are tightly regulated by T follicular help (TFH) cells. However, the longevity and functional role of TFH cell subsets in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccine recipients remain poorly defined. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection and inactivated vaccine elicited both spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cell and CXCR3- TFH cell responses, which showed distinct response patterns. Spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells exhibit a dominant and more durable response than CXCR3- TFH cells that positively correlated with antibody responses. A third booster dose preferentially expands the spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cell subset induced by two doses of inactivated vaccine, contributing to antibody maturation and potency. Functionally, spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells have a greater ability to induce spike-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) differentiation compared to spike-specific CXCR3- TFH cells. In conclusion, the persistent and functional role of spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination may play an important role in antibody maintenance and recall response, thereby conferring long-term protection. The findings from this study will inform the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines aiming to induce long-term protective immune memory.

Association of maternal thyroid peroxidase antibody during pregnancy with placental morphology and inflammatory and oxidative stress responses.

Background: Studies suggest that thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity exposure during pregnancy may contribute to changes in placental morphology and pathophysiology. However, little is known about the association of maternal TPOAb during pregnancy with placental morphology and cytokines. This study focuses on the effect of repeated measurements of maternal TPOAb during pregnancy on the placental morphology and cytokines. Methods: Based on Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) in China, maternal TPOAb levels were retrospectively detected in the first, second and third trimesters. Placental tissues were collected 30 minutes after childbirth, placental morphological indicators were obtained by immediate measurement and formula calculation, and cytokine mRNA expression was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) afterward. Generalized linear models and linear mixed models were analyzed for the relationships of maternal TPOAb in the first, second and third trimesters with placental indicators. Results: Totally 2274 maternal-fetal pairs were included in the analysis of maternal TPOAb levels and placental morphology, and 2122 pairs were included in that of maternal TPOAb levels and placental cytokines. Maternal TPOAb levels in early pregnancy were negatively associated with placental length, thickness, volume, weight and disc eccentricity, while positively correlated with placental IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, CD68, MCP-1, IL-10, HO-1, HIF-1α and GRP78. In mid-pregnancy, maternal TPOAb levels were negatively correlated with placental length, width and area. In late pregnancy, maternal TPOAb levels were negatively correlated with placental length, area, volume and weight. Repeated measures analysis showed that maternal TPOAb positivity tended to increase placental TNF-α, CD68 and MCP-1 while decreasing placental length, width and area than TPOAb negativity. Repeated measures analysis showed that maternal TPOAb levels were positively correlated with placental IL-6, TNF-α, CD68, MCP-1, IL-10, HO-1, HIF-1α and GRP78, while negatively correlated with placental length, area, volume, weight, and disc eccentricity. Conclusion: There may be trimester-specific associations between maternal TPOAb levels and placental morphology and inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. The effect of maternal TPOAb levels on placental morphology is present throughout pregnancy. Early pregnancy may be the critical period for the association between maternal TPOAb levels and placental inflammatory and oxidative stress responses.

Association of residential greenness with chronotype among children.

BACKGROUND: The association between residential greenness and chronotype remains unclear, especially among children. The current study aimed to explore the associations between residential greenness and chronotype parameters in children and examine potential pathways for these associations. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 16,421 children ages 3-12 were included. Two satellite-derived vegetation indices, i.e., the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), were used to estimate residential greenness. The mid-sleep point on a workday (MSW) and the mid-sleep point on free days (MSF) were considered. And mid-sleep time on free days adjusted for sleep debt (MSFsc) was used as an indicator of chronotype. In addition to multivariable linear regression models, subgroup analyses were conducted to explore effect modifiers, and mediation analyses were used to explore possible mediating mechanisms of air pollutants underlying the associations. RESULTS: An interquartile range (IQR) increase in both NDVI500-m and EVI500-m was significantly associated with an earlier MSFsc of -0.061 (95 % confidence interval (CI): -0.072, -0.049) and -0.054 (95 % CI: -0.066, -0.042), respectively. Non-linear dose response relationships were discovered between greenness indices and MSFsc and MSF. The results of stratified analyses showed the effect of residential greenness on MSW was stronger among primary school children and individuals with higher household income than among kindergarten children and those with lower household income. The joint mediation effects of PM2.5, PM1, PM10, NO2, and SO2 on the associations of NDVI500-m and EVI500-m with MSFsc were 89.6 % and 76.0 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of residential greenness may have beneficial effects on an earlier chronotype in the child population, by reducing the effects of air pollutants, especially PM2.5. Our research hopes to promote the deployment of green infrastructure and healthy urban design strategies.

WITHDRAWN: HCST Expression Distinguishes Immune-hot and Immune-cold Subtypes in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

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Segmentation of pancreatic tumors based on multi-scale convolution and channel attention mechanism in the encoder-decoder scheme.

BACKGROUND: Computer-aided diagnosis is of great significance to improve the diagnostic accuracy of pancreatic cancer that has an insidious course and does not have obvious symptoms at first. However, segmentation of pancreatic cancer is challenging because the tumors vary in size with the smallest tumor having a size of about 0.5 c m $cm$ in diameter, and most of them have irregular shapes and unclear boundaries. PURPOSE: In this study, we developed a deep learning architecture Multi-Scale Channel Attention Unet (MSCA-Unet) for pancreatic tumor segmentation and collected CT images of 419 patients from The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and a public dataset. We embedded the multi-scale network into the encoder to extract semantic information at different scales and the decoder to provide supplemental information to overcome the loss of information in the upsampling and the drift of the localized tumor due to the upsampling and skip connections. METHODS: We adopted the channel attention unit after the multi-scale convolution to emphasize the informative channels, which was observed to have the effects of accelerating the positioning process, reducing false positives, and improving the accuracy of outlining very small, irregular pancreatic tumors. RESULTS: Our results show that our network outperformed the other current mainstream segmentation networks and achieved a Dice index of 68.03%, a Jaccard of 59.31%, and an FPR of 1.36% on the private dataset Task-01 without data pre-processing. Compared with the other pancreatic tumor segmentation networks on the public dataset Task-02, our network produced the best Dice index, 80.12%, with the assistance of the data pre-processing scheme. CONCLUSIONS: This study strategically utilizes the multi-scale convolution and channel attention mechanism of the architecture to provide a dedicated network for segmentation of small and irregular pancreatic tumors.

External use of mirabilite to prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in children: A multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is the most common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Currently, there is no suitable treatment for post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) prophylaxis. Few studies have prospectively evaluated interventions to prevent PEP in children. AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of the external use of mirabilite to prevent PEP in children. METHODS: This multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial enrolled patients with chronic pancreatitis scheduled for ERCP according to eligibility criteria. Patients were randomly divided into the external use of mirabilite group (external use of mirabilite in a bag on the projected abdominal area within 30 min before ERCP) and blank group. The primary outcome was the incidence of PEP. The secondary outcomes included the severity of PEP, abdominal pain scores, levels of serum inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10)], and intestinal barrier function markers [diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactic acid, and endotoxin]. Additionally, the side effects of topical mirabilite were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 234 patients were enrolled, including 117 in the external use of mirabilite group and the other 117 in the blank group. The pre-procedure and procedure-related factors were not significantly different between the two groups. The incidence of PEP in the external use of mirabilite group was significantly lower than that in the blank group (7.7% vs 26.5%, P < 0.001). The severity of PEP decreased in the mirabilite group (P = 0.023). At 24 h after the procedure, the visual analog scale score in the external use of mirabilite group was lower than that in the blank group (P = 0.001). Compared with those in the blank group, the TNF-α expressions were significantly lower and the IL-10 expressions were significantly higher at 24 h after the procedure in the external use of mirabilite group (P = 0.032 and P = 0.011, respectively). There were no significant differences in serum DAO, D-lactic acid, and endotoxin levels before and after ERCP between the two groups. No adverse effects of mirabilite were observed. CONCLUSION: External use of mirabilite reduced the PEP occurrence. It significantly alleviated post-procedural pain and reduced inflammatory response. Our results favor the external use of mirabilite to prevent PEP in children.

Association of preterm outcome with maternal systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is at greater risk of pregnancy complications and is associated with increased risk of preterm delivery. However hardly any study has looked at the influence of SLE on the outcomes of preterm infants. This study aimed to explore the influence of SLE on the outcomes of preterm infants. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, preterm infants born to mothers with SLE from Shanghai Children's Medical Center during 2012 to 2021 were enrolled. Infants were excluded if they were died during hospitalization or has major congenital anomalies and neonatal lupus. Exposure was defined as mother diagnosed SLE before or during pregnancy. Maternal SLE group was matched with Non-SLE group by gestational age, birth weight and gender. Clinical data has been extracted from patients' records and registered. Major morbidities of premature and biochemical parameters in the two groups were compared using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: One hundred preterm infants born to 95 mothers with SLE were finally enrolled. The mean (standard deviation) of gestational age and birth weight were 33.09 (7.28) weeks and 1768.50 (423.56) g respectively. There was no significant difference in major morbidities between SLE group and non-SLE group. Compared with non-SLE group, SLE off-spring had significantly lower leukocytes, neutrophiles after birth, neutrophils and platlet in one week (mean difference: -2.825, -2.001, -0.842, -45.469, respectively). Among SLE group, lower birth weight and smaller gestational age were observed in SLE mothers with disease active during pregnancy, kidney involved, blood system involved and not taking Aspirin during pregnancy. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, exposure to aspirin during pregnancy reduced the risk of very preterm birth and increased the incidence of survive without major morbidities among preterm infants born to SLE mothers. CONCLUSION: Born to mothers with SLE may not increase the risk of major premature morbidities, but the hematologic profile of SLE preterm infants may be different from preterm infants born to women without SLE. The outcome of SLE preterm infants is associated with maternal SLE status and may benefit from maternal aspirin administration.

Higher greenspace exposure is associated with a decreased risk of childhood asthma in Shanghai - A megacity in China.

Inconsistent evidence exists about whether exposure to greenspace benefits childhood asthma. Previous studies have only focused on residential or school greenspace, and no research has combined greenspace exposures at both homes and schools to determine their link with childhood asthma. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 16,605 children during 2019 in Shanghai, China. Self-reported questionnaires were used to collect information on childhood asthma and demographic, socioeconomic and behavioural factors. Environmental data including ambient temperature, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 1 µm (PM1), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were collected from satellite data. Binomial generalized linear models with a logit link were carried out to evaluate the association between greenspace exposure and children's asthma, as well as the effect modifiers. An interquartile range increment of whole greenspace (NDVI500, NDVI250, EVI500, and EVI250) exposure was associated with a reduced odds ratio of children's asthma (0.88, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.99; 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.01; 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.99; and 0.88, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.99, respectively) after controlling potential confounders. Low temperature, low PM1, males, vaginal delivery, suburban/rural area, and without family history of allergy appeared to enhance the greenspace-asthma association. Increased greenspace exposure was associated with a lower risk of childhood asthma, and the association was modified by a range of socio-environmental factors. These findings add to the body of evidence on the benefits of biodiversity and supporting the promotion of urban greenspace to protect children's health.

The effect of phthalates exposure during pregnancy on asthma in infants aged 0 to 36 months: a birth cohort study.

This cohort study sought to investigate the effects of phthalates exposure during pregnancy on offspring asthma and its association with placental stress and inflammatory factor mRNA expression levels. A total of 3474 pregnant women from the China Ma'anshan birth cohort participated in this study. Seven phthalate metabolites were detected in urine samples during pregnancy by solid phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Placenta stress and inflammation mRNA expression were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Early pregnancy may be the critical period when phthalates exposure increases the risk of asthma in infants and young children, and there is a certain gender difference in the risk of asthma in infants and young children. Moreover, through the placenta stress and inflammatory factor associated with infant asthma found anti-inflammatory factor of interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA expression will reduce the risk of 36-month-old male infant asthma. The expression of interleukin-4(IL-4) and macrophage (M2) biomarker cluster of differentiation 206(CD206) mRNA reduced the risk of asthma in 18-month-old female infants. Placental stress and inflammatory response were analyzed using mediating effects. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) showed a complete mediating effect between mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) exposure in early pregnancy and asthma in 12-month-old males, and IL-10 also showed a complete mediating effect between mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) exposure in early and late pregnancy and asthma in 36-month-old males. In summary, exposure to phthalates during pregnancy may contribute to the development of asthma in infants, which may be associated with placental stress and inflammation.

Residential greenspace and childhood asthma: An intra-city study.

Interest in assessing the effects of exposure to greenspace on human health has been increasing due to rapid urbanization, and rising trends of physical inactivity and air pollution. However, findings on the link between greenspace and child respiratory health, especially asthma, are inconsistent. We investigated the association between greenspace surrounding residential addresses and asthma in children. A city-wide cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 16,605 children aged 3-12 years, in Shanghai, China. Data on asthma symptoms and covariates were collected from validated self-reported questionnaires. Residential greenspace was measured using satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Information on ambient temperature and particulate matter with dynamic diameter <1 µm (PM1) and 2.5 µm (PM2.5) was also collected from satellite data. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the associations of greenspace exposure with childhood asthma as well as the effect modification by covariates. The prevalence of current asthma in children was 4.8 % in this study. An interquartile range increase in mean NDVI from 2016 to 2018 was associated with decreased odds of asthma in 2019 at 500 m, and 250 m resolutions (0.82, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.74 to 0.93; and 0.82, 95 % CI: 0.72 to 0.94, respectively) after adjustment for covariates. The greenspace-asthma association was modified by ambient temperature and residential area. Sensitivity analyses using various models and EVI exposure showed the robustness of the results. In conclusion, higher individual-level exposure to greenspace was associated with decreased odds of asthma in children, and the association appeared to be modified by different environmental and socio-demographic factors. These findings provide additional evidence for promoting urban greenness to protect children's health and well-being.