The phonon scattering mechanism and its effect on the temperature dependent thermal and thermoelectric properties of a silver nanowire.

In this work, the electron-phonon, phonon-phonon, and phonon structure scattering mechanisms and their effect on the thermal and thermoelectric properties of a silver nanowire (AgNW) is investigated in the temperature range of 10 to 300 K. The electron-phonon scattering rate decreases with the increase of temperature. The phonon-phonon scattering rate increases with temperature and becomes greater than the electron-phonon scattering rate when the temperature is higher than the Debye temperature (223 K). The rate of phonon structure scattering is constant. The total phonon scattering rate decreases with temperature when the temperature is lower than about 150 K, and increases when the temperature is higher than 150 K. Correspondingly, the temperature dependent variation trend of the lattice thermal conductivity is opposite diametrically to that of the total phonon scattering rate. The thermoelectric properties of the AgNW are strongly coupled with the thermal conductivity via the phonon and electron transition. The thermoelectric properties of the material are quantified by the figure of merit (ZT). The ZT value of the AgNW is greater than that of bulk silver in the corresponding temperature range, and this difference increases with temperature. The order of the ZT of the AgNW is about 13 times greater than that of bulk silver at room temperature. The large increase of the ZT value of the AgNW is mainly due to the enhanced electron scattering and phonon scattering mechanisms in the AgNW.

Proposed a self-absorption internal standard model to detect element concentrations of complex constituent material with a single emission line of element in laser plasmas.

Laser induced plasmas (LIPs) method is a highly regarded approach to evaluate the chemical composition of materials. But the strong self-absorption of the radiation seriously affects its accuracy. Meanwhile, the model based on self-absorption phenomenon makes its application very difficult. In this work, a self-absorption internal standard (SAIS) model is proposed for detection of the multi-element concentrations of complex constituent material with a single emission line of the element in laser plasmas. A typical LIPs experiment system is set up to generate plasmas, and the soil is selected as a test sample. The average electron temperature (0.975 eV) and electron density (1.44×1018 cm-3) are determined by the Boltzmann plot and emission lines Stark broadening, respectively. The plasmas are diagnosed as in local thermodynamic equilibrium condition. The emission lines selected to calculate the concentration of sample contain a wide set of kt values (0.575×10-30∼37.2×10-30 m3). Then, the concentrations of some elements are calculated by the model using single emission line of each element. It is found that the concentrations of the five elements (Ti, Fe, Mg, Al, Si) calculated by SAIS model are relatively consistent with the results of the traditional chemical testing methods. This indicated that the SAIS model is an effective and neat method for multi-element concentrations detection of complex constituent materials.

Suppression of higher diffraction orders in the extreme ultraviolet range by a reflective quasi-random square nano-pillar array.

Higher diffraction orders of a grating introduce so-called harmonics contamination that leads to ambiguity in the spectral data. They are also present in "monochromatic" output beams processed by grating monochromators at synchrotron radiation facilities, making calibration results of optical elements and detectors imprecise. The paper describes a new design of a reflective quasi-random square nano-pillar array grating to reduce the amount of data of the grating relief pattern that is 10 cm in size and suppresses higher diffraction orders in the extreme ultraviolet range. In addition, a laboratory-scale grating monochromator equipped with the grating has been developed to test its spectroscopy characteristics at grazing incidence. The results illustrate that it can suppress higher diffraction orders and maintain the spectral resolving power as an ordinary grating at grazing incidence. The grating has great potential in harmonics suppression in the field of synchrotron radiation, spectral diagnostics of plasma, and astrophysics.

Realization of near-perfect absorption in the whole reststrahlen band of SiC.

Materials used for outdoor radiative cooling technologies need not only be transparent in the solar spectral region, but also need to have a broadband perfect absorption in the infrared atmospheric transparency window (infrared-ATW). Silicon carbide (SiC) has been thought to be a potential candidate for such materials. However, due to the near-perfect reflection of electromagnetic waves in the whole reststrahlen band (RB) of SiC, which is within the infrared-ATW, perfect absorption in the whole RB remains a challenge. Here by constructing a cone-pillar double-structure surface on SiC, a near-perfect absorption (>97%) of normally incident electromagnetic waves in the whole RB has been realized experimentally. Simulation results reveal that the dominant reason for the near-perfect absorption is the efficient coupling of incident electromagnetic waves into the bulk evanescent waves in the free-space wavelength range (10.33 µm, 10.55 µm) and the efficient coupling of incident electromagnetic waves into the surface phonon polaritons in the free-space wavelength range (10.55 µm, 12.6 µm). Our findings open up an avenue to enhance the absorption performance of SiC in infrared-ATW, and may lead to many new applications.

Single-focus spiral zone plates.

We extend the concept of spiral zone plates along the optical axis and define a specific single optical element, termed as single-focus spiral zone plates (SFSZPs), for the generation of a single-focus vortex beam. The key idea is to make the transmittance of the spiral zone plates sinusoidal in the azimuthal direction. Furthermore, a two-parameter modified sinusoidal apodization window is introduced to modulate the transmittance function. Theoretical analysis reveals that the third-order diffraction light intensity of the SFSZPs could be reduced by more than three orders of magnitude compared to a conventional spiral zone plate. The experimental results are also presented, confirming the desired single-focus characteristics. The unique single-focus phase singularity properties imply that SFSZPs may find a wide range of imaging and microscopy applications, as well as fundamental studies of vortex beams.

Quasi suppression of higher-order diffractions with inclined rectangular apertures gratings.

Advances in the fundamentals and applications of diffraction gratings have received much attention. However, conventional diffraction gratings often suffer from higher-order diffraction contamination. Here, we introduce a simple and compact single optical element, named inclined rectangular aperture gratings (IRAG), for quasi suppression of higher-order diffractions. We show, both in the visible light and soft x-ray regions, that IRAG can significantly suppress higher-order diffractions with moderate diffraction efficiency. Especially, as no support strut is needed to maintain the free-standing patterns, the IRAG is highly advantageous to the extreme-ultraviolet and soft x-ray regions. The diffraction efficiency of the IRAG and the influences of fabrication constraints are also discussed. The unique quasi-single order diffraction properties of IRAG may open the door to a wide range of photonic applications.

Quasi-periodic gratings: diffraction orders accelerate along curves.

Light diffracting to different diffraction orders of a periodic grating generally propagates along a set of straight trajectories. Here we show that certain quasi-periodic gratings can produce curved diffraction orders. These curved lobes are created by the caustic interference of the originally straight diffraction orders and manifest themselves as accelerating beams. Both numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate the validity of multiple accelerating beam generation with a single binary grating. Our work makes a quantitative link between the quasi-periodicity of a grating and the resulting caustic diffraction orders. Furthermore, the use of binary devices has important applications in acoustics, x-ray optics, and electron beam engineering and is also useful when high optical power is needed.

Toward two-dimensional nanometer resolution hard X-ray differential-interference-contrast imaging using modified photon sieves.

In this Letter, we report a significant step forward in the design of single-optical-element optics for two-dimensional (2D) hard X-ray differential-interference-contrast (DIC) imaging based on modified photon sieves (MPSs). MPSs were obtained by a modified optic, i.e., combining two overlaid binary gratings and a photon sieve through two logical XOR operations. The superior performance of MPSs was demonstrated. Compared to Fresnel zone plates-based DIC diffractive optical elements (DOEs), which help to improve contrast only in one direction, MPSs can provide better resolution and 2D DIC imaging. Compared to normal photon sieves, MPSs are capable of imaging at a significantly higher image contrast. We anticipate that MPSs can provide a complementary and versatile high-resolution nondestructive imaging tool for ultra-large-scale integrated circuits at 45 nm node and below.