Purpose in life moderates the relationship between loneliness and caregiving stress among family caregivers of people with mental health problems.

OBJECTIVE: Providing care to others can exert a profound impact on caregivers' sense of purpose or meaning in life, thereby reciprocally influencing the caregivers' overall health and well-being. This study aims to investigate whether the sense of purpose in life moderates the association between loneliness and caregiving stress among family caregivers of people with mental health problems. METHODS: A sample of family caregivers of people with mental health problems (N = 468, 57.1 % female) drawn from the 2020 survey of the Caregiving in the U.S. was investigated. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and a multiple regression with an interaction term were performed. RESULTS: Higher levels of loneliness were associated with enhanced caregiving stress. Moreover, after demographic and care-related factors were controlled for, the association between loneliness and caregiving stress was moderated by purpose in life; namely, as the sense of purpose in life increased, so did the intensity of the relationship between loneliness and caregiving stress. CONCLUSION: Reducing loneliness or strengthening the sense of purpose helps alleviate caregiving stress, and lonely family caregivers with a strong sense of purpose deserve extra attention.

Emotional Support from Care Recipients, Caring Relationship Quality, and Caregiving Self-Efficacy among Family Caregivers of Older Adults.

We analyzed 756 family caregivers (mean age = 62.3 years), investigating how emotional support from older care recipients was linked to caregivers' self-efficacy through caring relationship qualtiy. Results indicate a significant positive association between emotional support and caregivers' self-efficacy (r = 0.207, p < .01). Caring relationship quality positively correlated with emotional support (r = 0.292, p < .01) and caregivers' self-efficacy (r = 0.141, p < .01). Controlling for socialdemographic and care-related factors, relationship quality partially mediated the association between emotional support from care recipients and caregivers' self-efficacy. This suggests that interventions supporting caregivers' self-efficacy may benefit from considering both care recipients and dyadic relationships.

Association between social participation and memory function among Chinese stroke survivors: The mediating role of depressive symptoms.

Although the association between social participation and memory function has been documented in other populations, whether it exists among stroke survivors is unclear. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying this association are largely unknown. We attempted to examine the association between social participation and memory function in stroke survivors and the possible mediating role of depressive symptoms. A total of 614 stroke survivors (mean age: 64.73 years) drawn from a nationally representative survey in China were investigated. Based on the descriptive statistics, a Pearson's correlation and bootstrapping-based mediation analysis were executed. The results indicated that an increase in social participation was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms (r = -0.100, p < 0.05) and an increase in memory function (r = 0.162, p < 0.01). Moreover, memory function was significantly negatively related to depressive symptoms (r = -0.243, p < 0.01). In addition, after controlling for sociodemographic factors, depressive symptoms partially mediated the effects of social participation on memory function. Due to the cross-sectional research design, causal relationships cannot be verified between the study variables. However, interventions aimed at aiding stroke survivors in memory impairment recovery may consider strategies to enhance social participation and mitigate depressive symptoms.

Effects of interparental conflict on children's depression in the context of COVID-19: Does parent-child conflict play a role?

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression among children has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: Through focusing on verbal fights, the most common form of family conflict, this study examined the association between interparental conflict and children's depression and explored the mediating role of parent-child conflict. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 1005 children (47.0 % females) aged between 9 and 12 years old constituted the analytical subjects, who had been drawn from the 2020 survey of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). METHODS: Descriptive statistics were obtained, and bivariate correlation analysis and mediation analysis were performed. RESULTS: According to the Spearman correlation analysis, interparental conflict and children's depression were positively correlated (ρ = 0.214, p < 0.01); moreover, parent-child conflict was significantly positively associated with both interparental conflict (ρ = 0.450, p < 0.01) and children's depression (ρ = 0.224, p < 0.01). Additionally, mediation analysis demonstrated that, after controlling for sociodemographic factors, parent-child conflict operated as a mediator between interparental conflict and children's depression. More specifically, parent-child conflict accounted for 47.6 % of the total effect of interparental conflict on children's depression. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that frequent conflicts between parents predicted increased parent-child conflict, which, in turn, elevated the risk of depression for children. To reduce the risk of children's depression, it is necessary to create a good environment and build a harmonious relationship within the family. At the same time, specific supportive services, such as family therapy, filial therapy, and couple relationship education, should be provided.

Memory performance mediates the relationship between depression and independence in instrumental activities of daily living among community-dwelling older adults: Evidence from the China Family Panel Study.

Our objective was to examine the link between depression and independence in the instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and to explore the mediating role of memory performance through a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older adults in China. In total, 3730 respondents age ≥ 60 (51.7% males) from the 2020 survey of the China Family Panel Study (CFPS) constituted the study sample. Their depressive symptoms, memory performance, and independence in the IADLs were measured. Based on the descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation analysis and bootstrapping mediation analysis were conducted. As hypothesized, independence in the IADLs was negatively related to depression, while it was positively associated with memory performance. Moreover, after controlling for demographic factors, memory performance was demonstrated to be a partial mediator between depression and independence in the IADLs. These findings support the development of clinical interventions which prevent disability or maintain the physical functioning of older adults through alleviating depression and enhancing memory performance.

Emotional Dysregulation and Time Structure Mediate the Link between Perceived Stress and Insomnia among Unemployed Young People in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In recent years, the problem of youth unemployment in China has become a great concern. Unemployed young people often find themselves under tremendous stress and vulnerable to sleep problems. The link between perceived stress and insomnia has been widely documented, but the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been thoroughly revealed. The objective of this study was to examine the underlying mechanisms linking perceived stress to insomnia through testing the mediating effects of emotional dysregulation and time structure. Through a multiple-stage convenience sampling, 511 unemployed young people (38.6% women; mean age = 21.51; SD = 2.22) were measured using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16), and Time Structure Questionnaire (TSQ). Based on the statistical description of the sample, chi-squared tests, bivariate correlation analyses, and mediation analyses were performed. The study indicated that 53.0% (95% CI: 48.7-57.4%) of the participants reported probable insomnia, and both insomnia and perceived stress demonstrated strong associations with emotional dysregulation and time structure, which served as partial mediators between perceived stress and insomnia symptoms according to mediation analyses. Path analysis further revealed that, after controlling for age and gender, emotional dysregulation and time structure accounted for 31.8 and 17.6% of the effect of perceived stress on insomnia, respectively. This study provides empirical support for the association among perceived stress, emotional dysregulation, time structure, and insomnia symptoms. To improve the sleep quality and general wellbeing of unemployed young people, emotional dysregulation and time structure must be taken into consideration.

Association between WeChat Use and Memory Performance among Older Adults in China: The Mediating Role of Depression.

Changes to memory performance in the course of aging may be influenced by behavioral factors. The use of social media among elderly people is increasing, but studying its effect on cognitive functions such as memory remains at an early stage of development. Meanwhile, the linking mechanisms underlying the association between social media use and memory performance, if any exist, have not been revealed. This study attempted to examine the association between the use of WeChat, the most popular social media platform in China, and memory performance among older people, and to test the possible mediating role of depression underlying this association. Data were drawn from the five-wave survey of the China Family Panel Study (CFPS), and 4929 respondents aged 60 or older (mean age = 68.19, SD = 5.84, 48.2% females) were included. Based on the descriptive statistics, the chi-squared test, Student's t-test, correlation analysis, and mediation analysis were conducted. The results indicated that the usage rate of WeChat among the sample was 20.1%. After controlling for demographic variables, the use of WeChat was related to higher levels of memory performance and lower levels of depression. Moreover, depression partially mediated the relationship between WeChat use and memory performance. To maintain memory performance and promote cognitive health in the course of aging, using social media and alleviating depression merit special attention.

Depression and Perceived Social Support among Unemployed Youths in China: Investigating the Roles of Emotion-Regulation Difficulties and Self-Efficacy.

In recent years, the issue of youth unemployment has begun to emerge in China. Unemployed young people are at high risk of depression and other mental health problems. The present study investigates influential factors related to depression and examines the possible mediating effects of difficulties in emotion regulation and self-efficacy between perceived social support and depressive symptoms among unemployed youths in China. Through community recruitment, 511 unemployed young people from Shanghai participated in this cross-sectional survey. The results demonstrate that the prevalence of probable depression in the sample was 49.3% (95% CI: 45.0-53.7%). Moreover, we found that both the perceived social support and self-efficacy were significant negative predictors of depression, whereas difficulties in emotion regulation were positive predictors of depression. In addition, the analysis results indicate that difficulties in emotion regulation and self-efficacy partially mediate the relationship between perceived social support and depression. Overall, this cross-sectional study reveals that depression and mental health problems among China's unemployed youths are concerning while identifying emotion-regulation difficulties as a risk factor for these and social support and self-efficacy as protective factors, all of which warrant our attention in preventing and intervening with cases of youth depression.