Nuclear transporter karyopherin subunit alpha 3 levels modulate Porcine circovirus type 2 replication in PK-15 cells.

Entering the nucleus is important for Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) replication. Karyopherins (KPNs) mediate the nuclear import of many cytoplasmic proteins. Our previous study showed that KPNA3 is involved in interferon production during PCV2 infection induced by Poly I:C and ISD (Interferon stimulatory DNA). However, it remains unclear whether PCV2 replication is associated with KPNA3. In the present study, knockdown of KPNA3 promoted the replication of PCV2, whereas overexpression of KPNA3 inhibited PCV2 replication in PK-15 cells. Furthermore, KPNA3 knockdown inhibited IRF3 and reduced the expression of antiviral genes including IFN-ß, ISG54, Mx1 and ISG56, while the opposite results were obtained after KPNA3 overexpression. KPNA3 knockdown also promoted p65 nuclear translocation and increased the mRNA expression of IL-10 and IL-1ß. These results suggested that KPNA3 facilitates IRF3 entry into the nucleus and the production of an antiviral response, resulting in PCV2 replication inhibition and blockage of NF-κB signal activation.

Delayed specific IgM antibody responses observed among COVID-19 patients with severe progression.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly worldwide since it was confirmed as the causative agent of COVID-19. Molecular diagnosis of the disease is typically performed via nucleic acid-based detection of the virus from swabs, sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). However, the positive rate from the commonly used specimens (swabs or sputum) was less than 75%. Immunological assays for SARS-CoV-2 are needed to accurately diagnose COVID-19. Sera were collected from patients or healthy people in a local hospital in Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China. The SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM antibodies were then detected using a SARS-CoV-2 IgM colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA). Results were analysed in combination with sera collection date and clinical information. The GICA was found to be positive with the detected 82.2% (37/45) of RT-qPCR confirmed COVID-19 cases, as well as 32.0% (8/25) of clinically confirmed, RT-qPCR negative patients (4-14 days after symptom onset). Investigation of IgM-negative, RT-qPCR-positive COVID-19 patients showed that half of them developed severe disease. The GICA was found to be a useful test to complement existing PCR-based assays for confirmation of COVID-19, and a delayed specific IgM antibody response was observed among COVID-19 patients with severe progression.

Antitumor Effect and Toxicity of an Albumin-Paclitaxel Nanocarrier System Constructed via Controllable Alkali-Induced Conformational Changes.

Various strategies have been developed to construct albumin nanomaterials via biophysical or chemical changes. In this work, a compound comprising albumin-paclitaxel nanoparticles (NPs-PTX) with a drug loading efficiency of 21% was constructed via manipulation of alkali induced conformation changes and hydrophilic-hydrophobicity transition. The toxicity of two PTX formulations (Taxol and NPs-PTX) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), RAW264.7, K562, and HepG2 cells, and rats were determined. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Taxol was remarkably lower than that of NPs-PTX. Both PTX formulations promoted cell apoptosis, possibly via mitochondria-dependent (intrinsic) and mitochondria-independent pathways. The effect of PTX formulations (0.5 to 1 mg mL-1) on hemolysis and the median lethal dose (50% mortality, LD50) values of the PTX formulations were significantly different (p < 0.01). Reductions in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) and monocytes (MNCs) and obvious pathological changes in the spleen, thymus, and mesenteric lymph nodes were observed and may have been related to the bone marrow inhibition effect of PTX. The tumor inhibition rate of NPs-PTX (60.8%) was higher than that of Taxol (31.2%) (p < 0.05) when the dose of NPs-PTX (equivalent PTX) was 2.5 times as that of Taxol (30 vs 12 mg kg-1). Taxol is highly toxic, whereas NPs-PTX is moderately toxic. Thus, NPs-PTX has advantages over the commercially available Taxol formulation in terms of low toxicity and increased dosage, indicating NPs-PTX is a better option for safe and effective PTX delivery.

The persistent prevalence and evolution of cross-family recombinant coronavirus GCCDC1 among a bat population: a two-year follow-up.

Bats are connected with the increasing numbers of emerging and re-emerging viruses that may break the species barrier and spread into the human population. Coronaviruses are one of the most common viruses discovered in bats, which were considered as the natural source of recent human-susceptible coronaviruses, i.e. SARS-COV and MERS-CoV. Our previous study reported the discovery of a bat-derived putative cross-family recombinant coronavirus with a reovirus gene p10, named as Ro-BatCoV GCCDC1. In this report, through a two-year follow-up of a special bat population in one specific cave of south China, we illustrate that Ro-BatCoV GCCDC1 persistently circulates among bats. Notably, through the longitudinal observation, we identified the dynamic evolution of Ro-BatCoV GCCDC1 in bats represented by continuously recombination events. Our study provides the first glimpse of the virus evolution in one longitudinally observed bat population cohort and underlines the surveillance and pre-warning of potential interspecies transmittable viruses in bats.

Putative Receptor Binding Domain of Bat-Derived Coronavirus HKU9 Spike Protein: Evolution of Betacoronavirus Receptor Binding Motifs.

The suggested bat origin for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has revitalized the studies of other bat-derived coronaviruses with respect to interspecies transmission potential. Bat coronavirus (BatCoV) HKU9 is an important betacoronavirus (betaCoV) that is phylogenetically affiliated with the same genus as MERS-CoV. The bat surveillance data indicated that BatCoV HKU9 has been widely spreading and circulating in bats. This highlights the necessity of characterizing the virus for its potential to cross species barriers. The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the coronavirus spike (S) protein recognizes host receptors to mediate virus entry and is therefore a key factor determining the viral tropism and transmission capacity. In this study, the putative S RBD of BatCoV HKU9 (HKU9-RBD), which is homologous to other betaCoV RBDs that have been structurally and functionally defined, was characterized via a series of biophysical and crystallographic methods. By using surface plasmon resonance, we demonstrated that HKU9-RBD binds to neither SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 nor MERS-CoV receptor CD26. We further determined the atomic structure of HKU9-RBD, which as expected is composed of a core and an external subdomain. The core subdomain fold resembles those of other betaCoV RBDs, whereas the external subdomain is structurally unique with a single helix, explaining the inability of HKU9-RBD to react with either ACE2 or CD26. Via comparison of the available RBD structures, we further proposed a homologous intersubdomain binding mode in betaCoV RBDs that anchors the external subdomain to the core subdomain. The revealed RBD features would shed light on the evolution route of betaCoV.

A Bat-Derived Putative Cross-Family Recombinant Coronavirus with a Reovirus Gene.

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 has generated enormous interest in the biodiversity, genomics and cross-species transmission potential of coronaviruses, especially those from bats, the second most speciose order of mammals. Herein, we identified a novel coronavirus, provisionally designated Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1 (Ro-BatCoV GCCDC1), in the rectal swab samples of Rousettus leschenaulti bats by using pan-coronavirus RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Although the virus is similar to Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9 (Ro-BatCoV HKU9) in genome characteristics, it is sufficiently distinct to be classified as a new species according to the criteria defined by the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). More striking was that Ro-BatCoV GCCDC1 contained a unique gene integrated into the 3'-end of the genome that has no homologs in any known coronavirus, but which sequence and phylogeny analyses indicated most likely originated from the p10 gene of a bat orthoreovirus. Subgenomic mRNA and cellular-level observations demonstrated that the p10 gene is functional and induces the formation of cell syncytia. Therefore, here we report a putative heterologous inter-family recombination event between a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus and a double-stranded segmented RNA virus, providing insights into the fundamental mechanisms of viral evolution.

[Identification and characterization of porcine bocavirus episomes].

To verify that the circular forms of bocavirus genome exist in their host, bocavirus episomes were detected in fecal samples of healthy piglets using a semi-nested PCR method. Two species of porcine bocaviruses (PBoVG2-episome and PBoVG3-episome) were identified for the first time. The relevant terminal sequences of the noncoding region (405 and 511 nt, respectively) were also obtained. Sequence analyses and secondary structure prediction indicated that the PBoVG2-episome was more similar to that of human bocavirus 3 (HBoV3) but the PBoVG3-episome was quite different from that of other members of the genus Bocavirus. Discovery of episomal forms of porcine bocaviruses (PBoV) suggested that PBoV, like HBoV, used a different replication mechanism from other parvoviruses. The sequencing of episome Inverted Terminal Repeats (ITRs) also contributes to a possible alternative strategy for constructing infectious molecular clones of bocavirus in a future study.

Genome characterization of a novel porcine bocavirus.

Using a high-throughput DNA sequencing method, one DNA sequence (contig01006), suspected to belong to a novel porcine bocavirus (PBoV), was found with a high rate of detection (19.6 %) in fecal samples from healthy piglets. Moreover, a novel PBoV (tentatively named PBoV3C) with a nearly complete genome sequence (5235 bp) was identified. PBoV3C exhibits typical genome characteristics of bocaviruses and shows the highest genomic sequence identity (78 % to 81 %) to PBoV3A/B (PBoV3/4-UK) and PBoV3D/E (PBoV3/4-HK), respectively. Phylogenetic and recombination analysis indicated high diversity, prevalence and complexity among the PBoVs. The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) site of VP1 and the secondary structure of VP2 of PBoV3C were also analyzed. Additionally, we propose a uniform method of PBoV nomenclature based on the VP1 gene.

Phylogenetic and recombination analysis of human bocavirus 2.

BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 2(HBoV2) and other human bocavirus species (HBoV, HBoV3, and HBoV4) have been discovered recently. But the precise phylogenetic relationships among these viruses are not clear yet. METHODS: We collected 632 diarrhea and 162 healthy children in Lanzhou, China. Using PCR, Human bocavirus (HBoV), HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4 were screened. The partial genes of NS, NP1 and VP, and two nearly complete sequences of HBoV2 were obtained. RESULT: Phylogenetic analysis showed the different genes of HBoV2 strain were homogenous with different reference strains. HBoV3 may be a recombinant derived from HBoV and HBoV4. We also observed that the VP1 and VP2 region of HBoV3 is as similar to HBoV2 as to HBoV4. CONCLUSIONS: A single genetic lineage of HBoV2 is circulating in children with and without gastroenteritis in Lanzhou, China. Current evidence in this study was not enough to support recombination between HBoV2 strains, and HBoV3 may be a recombinant between HBoV and the common ancestor of HBoV2 and HBoV4.

Identification and nearly full-length genome characterization of novel porcine bocaviruses.

The genus bocavirus includes bovine parvovirus (BPV), minute virus of canines (MVC), and a group of human bocaviruses (HBoV1-4). Using sequence-independent single primer amplification (SISPA), a novel bocavirus group was discovered with high prevalence (12.59%) in piglet stool samples. Two nearly full-length genome sequences were obtained, which were approximately 5,100 nucleotides in length. Multiple alignments revealed that they share 28.7-56.8% DNA sequence identity with other members of Parvovirinae. Phylogenetic analyses indicated their closest neighbors were members of the genus bocavirus. The new viruses had a putative non-structural NP1 protein, which was unique to bocaviruses. They were provisionally named porcine bocavirus 1 and 2 (PBoV1, PBoV2). PBoV1 and PBoV2 shared 94.2% nucleotide identity in NS1 gene sequence, suggesting that they represented two different bocavirus species. Two additional samples (6V, 7V) were amplified for 2,407 bp and 2,434 bp products, respectively, including a partial NP1 gene and the complete VP1 gene; Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 6Vand 7V grouped with PBoV1 and PBoV2 in the genus of bocavirus, but were in the separate clusters. Like other parvoviruses, PBoV1, PBoV2, 6Vand 7V also contained a putative secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) motif in the VP1 unique region, with a conserved HDXXY motif in the catalytic center. The conserved motif YXGXF of the Ca(2+)-binding loop of sPLA2 identified in human bocavirus was also found in porcine bocavirus, which differs from the YXGXG motif carried by most other parvoviruses. The observation of PBoV and potentially other new bocavirus genus members may aid in molecular and functional characterization of the genus bocavirus.

Human bocavirus infection, People's Republic of China.

A newly identified parvovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), was found in 21 (8.3%) of 252 nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection in Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. Viral loads were 10(4) to 10(10) copies/mL. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene showed a single genetic lineage of HBoV worldwide.

Novel human rotavirus of genotype G5P[6] identified in a stool specimen from a Chinese girl with diarrhea.

During a rotavirus surveillance conducted in Lulong County, Hebei Province, China, a total of 331 stool specimens collected in 2003 from children under 5 years old with diarrhea were screened. We identified a novel group A human rotavirus of genotype G5P[6]. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the VP7 protein of this newly identified strain, LL36755, was closely related to those of the G5 strains. As such, it has 95.4% homology with its counterparts in the porcine G5 strains C134 and CC117 at the amino acid sequence level. On the other hand, the VP4 protein of the LL36755 strain was 94.5% homologous to those of the porcine P[6] strains 134/04-10, 134/04-11, 221/04-7, and 221/04-13. Our findings indicate a dynamic interaction between human and porcine rotaviruses.