Sinapic Acid Attenuates Chronic DSS-Induced Intestinal Fibrosis in C57BL/6J Mice by Modulating NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and the Autophagy Pathway.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic gastrointestinal disease that results from repeated inflammation and serious complications. Sinapic acid (SA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid present in a variety of plants that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and other protective effects. This study investigated the antifibrotic effect of SA on chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) in mice. We observed that SA could significantly reduce clinical symptoms (such as improved body weight loss, increased colon length, and decreased disease activity index score) and pathological changes in mice with chronic colitis. SA supplementation has been demonstrated to repair intestinal mucosal barrier function and maintain epithelial homeostasis by inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and decreasing the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-18, and IL-1ß. Furthermore, SA could induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes (Cat, Sod1, Sod2, Mgst1) by activating the Nrf2/keap1 pathway, thus improving antioxidant capacity. Additionally, SA could increase the protein expression of downstream LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin1 and induce autophagy by regulating the AMPK-Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby reducing the production of intestinal fibrosis-associated proteins Collagen-I and α-SMA. These findings suggest that SA can enhance intestinal antioxidant enzymes, reduce oxidative stress, expedite intestinal epithelial repair, and promote autophagy, thereby ameliorating DSS-induced colitis and intestinal fibrosis.

Targeting Ferroptosis-Elicited Inflammation Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis and Enhances Sorafenib Efficacy.

Triggering ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, has recently emerged as an approach for treating cancer. A better understanding of the role and regulation of ferroptosis is needed to realize the potential of this therapeutic strategy. Here, we observed extensive activation of ferroptosis in hepatoma cells and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. Patients with low to moderate activation of ferroptosis in tumors had the highest risk of recurrence compared to patients with no or high ferroptosis. Upon encountering ferroptotic liver cancer cells, aggregated macrophages efficiently secreted proinflammatory IL1ß to trigger neutrophil-mediated sinusoidal vascular remodeling, thereby creating favorable conditions for aggressive tumor growth and lung metastasis. Mechanistically, hyaluronan fragments released by cancer cells acted via an NF-κB-dependent pathway to upregulate IL1ß precursors and the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages, and oxidized phospholipids secreted by ferroptotic cells activated the NLRP3 inflammasome to release functional IL1ß. Depleting either macrophages or neutrophils or neutralizing IL1ß in vivo effectively abrogated ferroptosis-mediated liver cancer growth and lung metastasis. More importantly, the ferroptosis-elicited inflammatory cellular network served as a negative feedback mechanism that led to therapeutic resistance to sorafenib in HCC. Targeting the ferroptosis-induced inflammatory axis significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib in vivo. Together, this study identified a role for ferroptosis in promoting HCC by triggering a macrophage/IL1ß/neutrophil/vasculature axis. SIGNIFICANCE: Ferroptosis induces a favorable tumor microenvironment and supports liver cancer progression by stimulating an inflammatory cellular network that can be targeted to suppress metastasis and improve the efficacy of sorafenib.

The association between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction among Chinese junior middle school students: prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment is associated with internet addiction, but most evidence is from retrospective studies. AIMS: We aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction through a prospective cohort design. METHOD: In a prospective cohort study, self-reported data on childhood maltreatment (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form) at baseline, and internet addiction (Revised Chinese Internet Addiction Scale) at baseline and 6-month follow-up, were collected online from 756 Chinese junior middle school students aged 11-15 years and residing in Changsha, Hunan Province. Demographic data and covariates such as depression, anxiety, stress (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21) and insomnia (Athens Insomnia Scale) were also surveyed at baseline. Logistic regression analysis measured the association between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction, and gender-related differences. RESULTS: Childhood maltreatment was prevalent in Chinese junior middle school students (37.83%), and the incidence rate of internet addiction was 9.26% at the 6-month follow-up. Emotional abuse was a significant risk factor for internet addiction (adjusted odds ratio 2.618, 95% CI 1.194-5.738; P = 0.016) in both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a high prevalence of childhood maltreatment in Chinese junior middle school students, and that emotional abuse plays a significant role in internet addiction. More attention should be paid to parenting style and adolescents' mental health.

Prevalence and associated factors of internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: association with childhood trauma.

Introduction: Internet addiction (IA) is common among adolescents and may have severe consequences. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with IA among middle school students of Hunan Province, China. Relevance between IA and childhood trauma was also explored. Methods: One thousand six hundred ten students were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Data collected included demographics; internet addiction (revised-Chen internet addiction scale); childhood trauma (CTQ-SF); depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (DASS-21); suicidal behaviors, as well as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Cramer's V analysis, univariable logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were used for associations and identifying independent relevance of IA, respectively. Results: The prevalence of IA was 12.8%. Cramer's V analysis showed that IA was associated with emotional abuse, emotional and physical neglect, NSSI, suicidal behaviors, stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, physical disorder history. Regression analysis showed that IA was independently associated with emotional neglect (OR = 3.062, 95% CI: 2.083, 4.501, p < 0.001); physical neglect (OR = 2.328; 95% CI: 1.590, 3.409, p < 0.001); depressive symptoms (OR = 2.218, 95% CI: 1.467, 3.353, p < 0.001) nationality (OR = 1.888, 95% CI: 1.034, 3.447, p = 0.006) and age (OR = 1.253, 95% CI: 1.066, 1.471, p = 0.006). Discussion: IA is common among middle school students. Attention should be paid to students with childhood trauma since they have a higher risk for IA, which may increase the risk for suicidal behaviors.

Cyberbullying among college students in a Chinese population: Prevalence and associated clinical correlates.

Objectives: Cyberbullying is quite common in adolescents and college students, and it influences mental health in many aspects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cyberbullying in Chinese college students and to look for related factors. Methods: Eight thousand and ninety-eight college students aged 17-26 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. We collected information of their sociodemographic data, depression (evaluated by Self-Rating Depression Scale), anxiety (evaluated by Self-Rating Anxiety Scale), lifetime suicidal behaviors (including suicidal ideation, suicidal plans, and suicide attempts), and experiences of cyberbullying for the past 12 months by online questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of cyberbullying for the past 12 months was 7.82% (633/8,098) among college students. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that sex (odds ratio, OR = 0.522, 95%CI = 0.433-0.629, p < 0.001), suicide attempts (OR = 2.164, 95%CI = 1.589-2.948, p < 0.001), depression (OR = 2.372, 95%CI = 1.602-3.512, p < 0.001), and anxiety (OR = 1.911, 95%CI = 1.305-2.800, p = 0.001) were independently associated with cyberbullying. Conclusion: Cyberbullying is very common among college students in Hunan Province, China. Besides, being male, suicide attempts, depression and anxiety were independently associated with cyberbullying, which highlights the importance of paying attention to cyberbullying and addressing anxiety, depression, and suicidal behaviors among college students to better improve their mental health and prevent suicide.

Atypical frontotemporal cortical activity in first-episode adolescent-onset schizophrenia during verbal fluency task: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Background: Frontotemporal cortex dysfunction has been found to be associated with cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). In patients with adolescent-onset SCZ, a more serious type of SCZ with poorer functional outcome, cognitive impairment appeared to occur at an early stage of the disease. However, the characteristics of frontotemporal cortex involvement in adolescent patients with cognitive impairment are still unclear. In the present study, we aimed to illustrate the frontotemporal hemodynamic response during a cognitive task in adolescents with first-episode SCZ. Methods: Adolescents with first-episode SCZ who were aged 12-17 and demographically matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. We used a 48-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system to record the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in the participants' frontotemporal area during a verbal fluency task (VFT) and analyzed its correlation with clinical characteristics. Results: Data from 36 adolescents with SCZ and 38 HCs were included in the analyses. Significant differences were found between patients with SCZ and HCs in 24 channels, mainly covering the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, superior and middle temporal gyrus and frontopolar area. Adolescents with SCZ showed no increase of oxy-Hb concentration in most channels, while the VFT performance was comparable between the two groups. In SCZ, the intensity of activation was not associated with the severity of symptoms. Finally, receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that the changes in oxy-Hb concentration could help distinguish the two groups. Conclusion: Adolescents with first-episode SCZ showed atypical cortical activity in the frontotemporal area during the VFT, and fNIRS features might be more sensitive indicators in cognitive assessment, indicating that the characteristic hemodynamic response pattern might be potential imaging biomarkers for this population.

Outcome and Risk Factors of Restenosis Post Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty at Juxta-Anastomotic of Wrist Autogenous Radial-Cephalic Arteriovenous Fistulas: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective cohort study was to determine the factors related to restenosis post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) at juxta-anastomotic of wrist radial-cephalic arteriovenous fistulas (RC-AVFs). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent their first PTA for juxta-anastomotic stenosis at RC-AVF from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020. Patient and stenotic lesion characteristics and PTA procedure factors were included in the analysis. The primary and assisted primary patency post PTA of RC-AVFs were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify factors associated with restenosis post PTA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was employed to evaluate the predictive value of the risk factors for restenosis post PTA. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients with a mean age of 59.09 ± 14.94 years were enrolled in the study. The mean RC-AVF age was 9.2 (4.9, 35.05) months, and the median time of intervention for stenosis was 10.8 (4.05, 41.35) months after AVF creation. The primary patency rates following the first PTA at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 93.9, 84.6, 63.1, and 55.4%, respectively. The assisted primary patency rates at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 95.4, 90.8, 87.7, and 84.6%, respectively. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed the maximum balloon diameter >5 mm had a lower postoperative restenosis rate compared with the maximum balloon diameter ≤5 mm (hazard ratio = 0.422; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.201-0.884; P = 0.022). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of the maximum balloon diameter during PTA was 0.624 (95% CI, 0.486-0.762). The best critical value for the maximum balloon diameter was 6 mm, the sensitivity was 64.5%, and the specificity was 61.8%. CONCLUSIONS: For the first PTA at juxta-anastomotic of wrist RC-AVFs without thrombosis and complete occlusion, the use of a balloon with a maximum diameter of ≤5 mm is a risk factor to the occurrence of restenosis within 12 months post PTA. The result may help in tailoring surveillance programs in patients with RC-AVF stenosis.

Comparison of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and surgical revision after intraoperative dilatation with biliary tract probes for arteriovenous fistula stenosis at juxta-anastomosis.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is widely used for stenosis of vascular access (VA) for hemodialysis. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of both PTA and surgical revision after intraoperative dilatation with biliary tract probes for juxta-anastomotic stenosis in autogenous radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas (RCAVFs). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of PTA and surgical revision after intraoperative dilatation with biliary tract probes; these were the first interventions after RCAVF establishment in 112 patients with juxta-anastomotic stenosis. Anatomical (number of stenoses) and clinical variables (age and gender of the patient, time of hemodialysis, AVF age, presence of diabetes mellitus, and cause of end-stage renal disease) were reviewed. Technical success, clinical success, and post-intervention primary patency were evaluated. RESULTS: Our study enrolled 35 patients in the PTA group and 77 patients in the surgical revision group. Clinical and technical success rates of both groups were 100%. There were no complications, such as bleeding or hematomas. Using the Kaplan-Meier method, the post-intervention primary patency rates at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months in the PTA group were 100%, 94.28%, 77.1%, 60%, 54.29%, and 45.71%, respectively, and those in the surgical revision group were 100%, 94.81%, 92.2%, 90.91%, 81.82%, and 76.62%, respectively. The post-intervention primary patency rates at 9-24 months in the surgical revision group were significantly higher than those in the PTA group (χ2 = 19.04, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The post-intervention long-term primary patency rate of surgical revision after intraoperative dilatation with biliary tract probes is higher than that of PTA for the first intervention of patients with juxta-anastomotic stenosis in RCAVFs. The surgical revision method is safe and effective, especially in hospitals that have not yet carried out PTA.

c-Myc-driven glycolysis polarizes functional regulatory B cells that trigger pathogenic inflammatory responses.

B cells secreting IL-10 functionally are recognized as functional regulatory B (Breg) cells; however, direct evidence concerning the phenotype, regulation, and functional and clinical relevance of IL-10-secreting Breg cells in humans is still lacking. Here, we demonstrate that, although IL-10 itself is anti-inflammatory, IL-10+ functional Breg cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) display aggressive inflammatory features; these features shift their functions away from inducing CD8+ T cell tolerance and cause them to induce a pathogenic CD4+ T cell response. Functional Breg cells polarized by environmental factors (e.g., CPG-DNA) or directly isolated from patients with SLE mainly exhibit a CD24intCD27-CD38-CD69+/hi phenotype that is different from that of their precursors. Mechanistically, MAPK/ERK/P38-elicited sequential oncogenic c-Myc upregulation and enhanced glycolysis are necessary for the generation and functional maintenance of functional Breg cells. Consistently, strategies that abrogate the activity of ERK, P38, c-Myc, and/or cell glycolysis can efficiently eliminate the pathogenic effects triggered by functional Breg cells.

Prevalence and associated factors of minimally invasive facial cosmetic surgery in Chinese college students.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive facial cosmetic surgery (MIFCS) is becoming more and more popular and acceptable in Chinese young people, and it influences people in many aspects. However, there is little research on the associations between MIFCS and psychopathology in Chinese college students. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of MIFCS and its associated factors among Chinese college students. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was applied in this study. A total of 8089 students completed an online questionnaire on demographic data, depressive symptoms (Self-Rating Depression Scale), anxiety symptoms (Self-Rating Anxiety Scale) and MIFCS. Logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with MIFCS. RESULTS: The prevalence of MIFCS in Chinese college students was 2.7% (221/8098). Students with MIFCS were more likely to be from urban areas, from a single child household, experience depression or anxiety and have a history of smoking (all p < 0.05). They were also less likely to be right-handed or have a good relationship with father or mother (all p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression showed that older age (OR,1.162; 95%CI [1.061,1.273]), female sex (OR,1.837; 95%CI [1.352, 2.497]), community (urban) (OR,0.601; 95%CI [0.441,0.818]), right-handedness (OR,0.668; 95%CI [0.454,0.985]), depressive symptoms (OR, 4.708; 95%CI [1.690,13.112]), family income (30,000-70,000 yuan per year) (OR,0.572; 95%CI [0.403,0.812]) and smoking (OR,1.571; 95%CI [1.09,2.423]) were independently associated with MIFCS. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive facial cosmetic surgery (MIFCS) is very common in Chinese college students, indicating the importance of paying attention to MIFCS. This study provides valuable evidence for college counselors and doctors in the cosmetic department to provide better and healthier services to students who undergo MIFCS, especially those with depressive symptoms.

Decreased gray matter volume is associated with theory of mind deficit in adolescents with schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia patients often suffer from deficit in theory of mind (TOM). Prior neuroimaging studies revealed neuroimaging correlates of TOM deficit in adults with schizophrenia, neuroimaging correlates of TOM in adolescents is less well established. This study aimed to investigate gray matter volume (GMV) abnormalities and TOM deficits in schizophrenic adolescents, and examine the relationship between them. Twenty adolescent schizophrenic patients and 25 age, sex-matched healthy controls underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and were examined for TOM based on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET). Univariate voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and multivariate source-based morphometry (SBM) were employed to examine alterations of two GMV phenotypes in schizophrenic adolescents: voxel-wise GMV and covarying structural brain patterns (SBPs). Compared with controls, our results revealed a significant deficit in RMET performance of the patients, Voxel-wise VBM analysis revealed that patients exhibited decreased GMV in bilateral insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and right rolandic operculum, and GMV of these brain regions were positively correlated with RMET performance. Multivariate SBM analysis identified a significantly different between-group SBP comprising of bilateral insula and inferior frontal cortex, bilateral superior temporal cortex, and bilateral lateral parietal cortex and right rolandic operculum. The loading scores of this SBP was positively correlated with RMET performance. This study revealed impairment of TOM ability in schizophrenic adolescents and revealed an association between TOM deficit and decreased GMV in regions which are crucial for social cognition, thereby provided insight and possible target regions for understanding the neural pathology and normalizing TOM deficit in adolescent schizophrenia patients.

Prevalence and associated factors of school bullying among Chinese college students in Changsha, China.

BACKGROUND: School bullying has attracted worldwide attention for its adverse outcomes; however, there is still a lack of research among college students. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of school bullying victimization and the associated factors among Chinese college students. METHODS: 8098 Chinese college students from two universities in Hunan province were recruited in this cross-sectional study, and data on participants' demographic information, bullying history, suicidal behaviors, anxiety (Self-Rating Anxiety Scale) and depression (Self-reporting Depression Scale) were collected. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the independent correlates of school bullying. RESULTS: The prevalence of school bullying was 8.03% in our study. Gender (OR,0.792;95%CI[0.660,0.950]; p = 0.012); depression (OR,1.979; 95%CI[1.359,2.883]; p < 0.001); anxiety (OR,1.996; 95%CI[1.388, 2.869]; p < 0.001); suicidal ideation (OR,1.353;95%CI[1.087,1.684]; p = 0.007); suicide attempts (OR,1.772;95%CI[1.306,2.403]; p < 0.001); family income between 30,000 and 70,000/year (yuan) (OR,0.763;95% CI[0.627,0.929]; p = 0.007) and family income more than 70,000/year (yuan) (OR,0.578;95%CI[0.461,0.725]; p < 0.001) were independent correlates of school bullying. The bullying score was positively correlated with physical or mental disorder history, family history of mental disorder, suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide attempts, anxiety, depression, smoking and drinking alcohol (all p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with right-handedness, good relationship with parents and family income (all p < 0.05). LIMITATIONS: No causal relationship could be drawn due to the cross-sectional design. CONCLUSION: School bullying is quite common among college students. In order to improve students' mental health and prevent suicide, we should pay attention to the negative effects of bullying victimization such as depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviors and so on, apart from putting in place anti-bullying interventions.

Compressive Strain Modulation of Single Iron Sites on Helical Carbon Support Boosts Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction.

Designing and modulating the local structure of metal sites is the key to gain the unique selectivity and high activity of single metal site catalysts. Herein, we report strain engineering of curved single atomic iron-nitrogen sites to boost electrocatalytic activity. First, a helical carbon structure with abundant high-curvature surface is realized by carbonization of helical polypyrrole that is templated from self-assembled chiral surfactants. The high-curvature surface introduces compressive strain on the supported Fe-N4 sites. Consequently, the curved Fe-N4 sites with 1.5 % compressed Fe-N bonds exhibit downshifted d-band center than the planar sites. Such a change can weaken the bonding strength between the oxygenated intermediates and metal sites, resulting a much smaller energy barrier for oxygen reduction. Catalytic tests further demonstrate that a kinetic current density of 7.922 mA cm-2 at 0.9 V vs. RHE is obtained in alkaline media for curved Fe-N4 sites, which is 31 times higher than that for planar ones. Our findings shed light on modulating the local three-dimensional structure of single metal sites and boosting the catalytic activity via strain engineering.

Electrocatalytic Mechanism of N2 Reduction Reaction by Single-Atom Catalyst Rectangular TM-TCNQ Monolayers.

Herein, the catalytic properties and reaction mechanisms of the 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals embedded in 2D rectangular tetracyanoquinodimethane (TM-rTCNQ) monolayers as single-atom catalysts (SACs) for the electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) were systematically investigated, using first-principles calculations. A series of high-throughput screenings were carried out on 30 TM-rTCNQ monolayers, and all possible NRR pathways were explored. Three TM-rTCNQ (TM = Mo, Tc, and W) SACs were selected as promising new NRR catalyst candidates because of their high structural stability and good catalytic performance (low onset potential and high selectivity). Our results show that the Mo-rTCNQ monolayer can catalyze NRR through a distal mechanism with an onset potential of -0.48 V. Surprisingly, the NH3 desorption energy on the Mo-rTCNQ monolayer is only 0.29 eV, the lowest one reported in the literature so far, which makes the Mo-rTCNQ monolayer a good NRR catalyst candidate. In-depth research studies on the structures of N2-TM-rTCNQ (TM = Mo, Tc, and W) found that strong adsorption and activation performance of TM-rTCNQ for N2 may be due to the strong charge transfer and orbital hybridization between the TM-rTCNQ catalyst and the N2 molecules. Our work provides new ideas for achieving N2 fixation under environmental conditions.

B cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and functional diversity in cancer microenvironments.

B cells constitute a major component of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. However, the influence of these cells on malignancy is currently under debate, reflecting the heterogeneity of B cell subsets in tumors. With recent advances, it becomes apparent that this debate includes not only the evaluation of B cells themselves, but also the underlying immune microenvironment network, which scripts the highly heterogeneous B cell populations in tumors and directs the roles of those sub-populations in disease progression and clinical treatment. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the heterogeneous subset composition of B cells in both human and mouse tumor models and their different impacts on disease progression. We further describe the multidimensional interplays between B cells and other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which account for the regulation of B cell differentiation and function in situ. We also assess the potential influences of distinct sub-tumor locations on B cell function in primary tumors during development and those under immunotherapy treatment. Illuminating the heterogeneous nature of B cell subset composition, generation, localization, and related immune network in tumor is of immense significance for comprehensively understanding B cell response in tumor and designing more efficacious cancer immunotherapies.

Suicidal behaviors and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a cross-sectional study among Chinese medical college students.

BACKGROUNDS: Associations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes and suicidal behaviors remains unclear. The current study explored the prevalence of suicidal behaviors, and its association with ADHD among Chinese medical students. METHODS: Five thousand six hundred ninety-three medical college students participated. Symptoms of suicidal behaviors, ADHD, anxiety, depression, tobacco and alcohol use were assessed using online questionnaires. RESULTS: The prevalence of lifetime suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts among medical college students were 27.5, 7.9 and 14.8% respectively. Participants with ADHD predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) had more than fivefold increased odds of suicidal behaviors, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of ADHD-I and ADHD combined type (ADHD-C) remained significant after controlling for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD is associated with high risk of suicidal behaviors. ADHD-I and ADHD-C were strongly associated with suicidal behaviors independent of comorbidities. The finding suggests the importance of addressing ADHD symptoms in suicide prevention.

Ammonia Synthesis Using Single-Atom Catalysts Based on Two-Dimensional Organometallic Metal Phthalocyanine Monolayers under Ambient Conditions.

We have identified three novel metal phthalocyanine (MPc, M = Mo, Re, and Tc) single-atom catalyst candidates with excellent predicted performance for the production of ammonia from electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) through a combination of high-throughput screening and first-principles calculations on a series of 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals anchored onto extended Pc monolayer catalysts. Analysis of the energy band structures and projected density of states of N2-MPc revealed significant orbital hybridization and charge transfer between the adsorbed N2 and catalyst MPc, which accounts for the high catalytic activity. Among 30 MPc catalysts, MoPc and TcPc monolayers were found to be the most promising new NRR catalysts, as they exhibit excellent stability, low onset potential, and high selectivity. A comprehensive reaction pathway search found that the maximum free energy changes for the MoPc and TcPc monolayers are 0.33 and 0.54 eV, respectively. As a distinctive nature of this work, the hybrid reaction pathway was considered extensively and searched systematically. The onset potential of the hybrid pathway is found to be smaller than or comparable to that of the commonly known pure pathway. Thus, the hybrid path is highly competitive with low onset potential and high activity. The hybrid pathway is expected to have an important impact on future research on the mechanism of NRR, and it will open up a new way to explore the mechanism of the NRR reaction. We hope that our work will provide impetus to the creation of new catalysts for reduction of N2 to NH3. This work provides new insights into the rational design of NRR catalysts and explores novel reaction pathways under ambient or mild conditions.

Abnormalities in Electroencephalographic Microstates Among Adolescents With First Episode Major Depressive Disorder.

Background: Recent studies have reported changes in the electroencephalograms (EEG) of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, little research has explored EEG differences between adolescents with MDD and healthy controls, particularly EEG microstates differences. The aim of the current study was to characterize EEG microstate activity in adolescents with MDD and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: A total of 35 adolescents with MDD and 35 HCs were recruited in this study. The depressive symptoms were assessed by Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the anxiety symptoms were assessed by Chinese version of DSM-5 Level 2-Anxiety-Child scale. A 64-channel EEG was recorded for 5 min (eye closed, resting-state) and analyzed using microstate analysis. Microstate properties were compared between groups and correlated with patients' depression scores. Results: We found increased occurrence and contribution of microstate B in MDD patients compared to HCs, and decreased occurrence and contribution of microstate D in MDD patients compared to HCs. While no significant correlation between depression severity (HAMD score) and the microstate metrics (occurrence and contribution of microstate B and D) differing between MDD adolescents and HCs was found. Conclusions: Adolescents with MDD showed microstate B and microstate D changes. The obtained results may deepen our understanding of dynamic EEG changes among adolescents with MDD and provide some evidence of changes in brain development in adolescents with MDD.

Sex differences in prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of internet addiction among chinese college students.

BACKGROUND: Internet addiction(IA) is now very common. However, few studies have explored the sex differences in risk factors for IA, especially among Chinese college students. This study aimed to investigate the sex differences in prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of IA among Chinese college students. METHODS: A total of 8098 college students from Hunan province were recruited using a cross-sectional design and a convenience sampling method. Each student filled out the survey online anonymously, which collected their information on their socio-demographics, internet addiction(Revised Chinese internet addiction scale;CIAS-R), ADHD(Wender Utah Rating Scale and World Health Organization (WHO) Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v 1.1 Symptom Checklist), depression(Self-reporting Depression Scale;SDS), insomnia(Athens Insomnia Scale;AIS), anxiety(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale;SAS) and suicidal behaviors through WeChat. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of IA in males and females was 7.21%(259/3592) and 8.17%(368/4506), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that suicidal ideation[odds ratio (OR),1.557;95% confidence interval (CI),1.083-2.240], suicide attempts(OR,2.081;95%CI:1.271-3.409), ADHD(OR,6.487;95%CI,4.697-8.959) and insomnia(OR,2.596;95%CI,1.910-3.529) were independent risk factors for male IA after controlling for confounding variables. Nationality(OR,1.507;95%CI,1.058-2.145), suicidal ideation(OR,2.012;95%CI,1.532-2.641), depression(OR,1.771;95%CI:1.071-2.930), ADHD(OR,4.497; 95%CI,3.285-6.158) and insomnia(OR,2.356;95%CI,1.813-3.061) were independent risk factors for female IA. LIMITATION: No causal relationships could be drawn due to the cross-sectional design. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows IA is common among both sexes. IA is significantly associated with ADHD, insomnia and suicidal behaviors in both male and female students, indicating the importance of screening IA and addressing ADHD, insomnia and suicidal behaviors to improve the mental health of college students and better prevent suicide in both sexes.