ABSTRACT
The adjustable conductance of a two-terminal memristor in a crossbar array can facilitate vector-matrix multiplication in one step, making the memristor a promising synapse for efficiently implementing neuromorphic computing. To achieve controllable and gradual switching of multi-level conductance, important for neuromorphic computing, a theoretical design of a superlattice-like (SLL) structure switching layer for the multi-level memristor is proposed and validated, refining the growth of conductive filaments (CFs) and preventing CFs from the abrupt formation and rupture. Ti/(HfOx /AlOy )SLL /TiN memristors are shown with transmission electron microscopy , X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy , and ab initio calculation findings corroborate the SLL structure of HfOx /AlOy film. The optimized SLL memristor achieves outstanding conductance modulation performance with linearly synaptic weight update (nonlinear factor α = 1.06), and the convolutional neural network based on the SLL memristive synapse improves the handwritten digit recognition accuracy to 94.95%. Meanwhile, this improved synaptic device has a fast operating speed (30 ns), a long data retention time (≥ 104 s at 85 â), scalability, and CMOS process compatibility. Finally, its physical nature is explored and the CF evolution process is characterized using nudged elastic band calculations and the conduction mechanism fitting. In this work, as an example the HfOx /AlOy SLL memristor provides a design viewpoint and optimization strategy for neuromorphic computing.
Subject(s)
Electric Conductivity , Humans , Neural Networks, Computer , SynapsesABSTRACT
In a measurement-device-independent or quantum-refereed protocol, a referee can verify whether two parties share entanglement or Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering without the need to trust either of the parties or their devices. The need for trusting a party is substituted by a quantum channel between the referee and that party, through which the referee encodes the measurements to be performed on that party's subsystem in a set of nonorthogonal quantum states. In this Letter, an EPR-steering inequality is adapted as a quantum-refereed EPR-steering witness, and the trust-free experimental verification of higher dimensional quantum steering is reported via preparing a class of entangled photonic qutrits. Further, with two measurement settings, we extract 1.106±0.023 bits of private randomness per every photon pair from our observed data, which surpasses the one-bit limit for projective measurements performed on qubit systems. Our results advance research on quantum information processing tasks beyond qubits.
