A New Species of Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) from Southern China and Optimum Condition for Mycelia Production.

The present study sought to propose Ganoderma guixiense sp. nov. as a new species based on phenotypic and genotypic evidence. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) sequence data. G. guixiense has been characterized by pileate basidiomata, long stipe, in addition to reddish-black zonate pileal surface. Basidiospores are broadly ellipsoid with one end tapering at maturity, and measuring 9-12.8 × 6.5-9.3 µm. Basidia are oval to subglobose. This study marks the first exploration of the biological characteristics of G. guixiense. The result indicated that the optimal medium of mycelial growth was observed on malt extract agar (MEA) and yeast extract peptone dextrose agar (YPD) while the optimal temperature was found to be 25-30 °C with pH range of 6-7.

Coupling coordination between higher education and environmental governance: Evidence of western China.

Exploring the coupling coordination mechanism between higher education and environmental governance is conducive to understanding the mutual interactions between them and thus enhancing mutual development. This study constructs the coupling coordination mechanism and the aggregated evaluation index system to measure the mutual coordination relations between them, assesses the performances and the coupling coordination degrees between them in the case of western provincial regions in China, and proposes countermeasures based on the prediction results. It is found that the performances of higher education are relatively more stable than those of environmental governance, and the distributions of the average performance grades exist noticeable geographical differences. Besides, the coupling coordination degrees increase with mild fluctuations with relatively small spatial variations, demonstrating the balanced and similar coordinated development status among regions; furthermore, in the future, the gaps in the coordination status among regions will gradually decline. This study highlights the mutual coordination mechanism between the two subsystems, compares the coupling coordination status among regions both temporally and spatially, and proposes specific, generalizable development suggestions that contribute to the academic sector, policymakers, ecology, and sustainability.

Fulvifomes nonggangensis and F. tubogeneratus (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Two New Species from Southern China Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidences.

Two new species of Fulvifomes are described from specimens collected in rainforests of Nonggang Nature Reserve of southern China, based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nLSU) sequences. Fulvifomes nonggangensis sp. nov. is characterized by perennial, sessile and solitary basidiocarps, applanate pileus, small cystidioles of 9.9-15.4 × 2.9-3.5 µm, large pores of 5-6 per mm, a dimitic hyphal system, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores of 4.3-5.3 × 3.3-4.2 µm. F. tubogeneratus sp. nov. is characterized by perennial, sessile, and imbricate basidiocarps, a duplex context, small pores of 7-8 per mm, a dimitic hyphal system, and ovoid to subglobose basidiospores of 5.72 × 5.00 µm.

Incremental effect of liraglutide on traditional insulin injections in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus by maintaining glycolipid metabolism and cardiovascular function.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, damaged insulin secretion and insulin resistance with high morbidity and mortality. Liraglutide (liragl) and insulin are effective hypoglycemic agents used in T2DM treatment. The potential effect of liragl in combination with insulin on T2DM remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to explore effects of liragl combined with insulin on glycolipid metabolism and cardiovascular function in rats with diabetes. A diabetes model was established in Sprague Dawley rats exposed to a high calorie and high sugar diet in conjunction with intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin. Results indicated that liragl or insulin used alone decreased glucose and elevated insulin and c-peptide levels. However, their combination revealed greater effects. A significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels along with a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed in liragl- and insulin-treated rats compared with STZ-induced diabetes rats. Furthermore, co-administration of liragl and insulin significantly decreased sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 levels and increased adenosine 5'-monophosphate kinase-α1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 expression. Combining liragl with insulin reduced myocardial hypertrophy level and gaps between cardiomyocytes compared with liragl or insulin treatment alone. Caspase-3 expression was significantly decreased by combination treatment of liragl and insulin. Oxidative damage was significantly decreased by co-administration of liragl and insulin through enhancing superoxide dismutase expression and reducing malondialdehyde. Furthermore, combination of liragl and insulin significantly reduced myocardial enzyme expression, including myoglobin, creatine kinase-muscle/brain and cardiac troponin I. In summary, the current study demonstrated synergistic effects of liragl and insulin injections on a T2DM rat model by maintaining glycolipid metabolism and cardiovascular function.

Thermostaphylospora grisealba gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from mushroom compost and transfer of Thermomonospora chromogena Zhang et al. 1998 to Thermostaphylospora chromogena comb. nov.

A novel thermophilic actinomycete, designated strain 3-12XT, was isolated from mushroom compost in Guangxi University, Nanning, China. The novel isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and the whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6). The polar phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, ninhydrin-positive phosphoglycolipids and glycolipids. Major fatty acids were so-C16 : 0 and C17 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 74.6 %. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the closest phylogenetic neighbour of strain 3-12XT was Thermomonospora chromogena ATCC 43196T (97.0 %), other closely related strains all belonged to the family Streptosporangiaceae and showed more than 6 % divergence. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain 3-12XT were significantly different from Thermomonospora chromogena ATCC 43196T and DNA-DNA hybridization showed low relatedness (48.6-55.6 %) between them, so they should be different species. Thermomonospora chromogena was removed from the genus Thermomonospora by Zhang et al. 1998 on the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic evidence, but its taxonomic position remains uncertain. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain 3-12XT represents a novel species in a new genus in the family Streptosporangiaceae. The name Thermostaphylospora griseoalba gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Thermostaphylospora grisealba is 3-12XT (=DSM 46781T=CGMCC 4.7160T). We also propose transferring Thermomonospora chromogenaZhang et al. 1998 to Thermostaphylospora chromogena comb. nov. (type strain ATCC 43196T=JCM 6244T).

Streptomyces thermoalkaliphilus sp. nov., an alkaline cellulase producing thermophilic actinomycete isolated from tropical rainforest soil.

During an investigation exploring potential sources of novel thermophilic species and natural products, a novel thermophilic and alkaliphilic actinomycete with alkaline cellulase producing ability, designated strain 4-2-13T, was isolated from soil of a tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province, China. The morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain 4-2-13T are consistent with those of the members of the genus Streptomyces. The strain forms extensively branched aerial mycelia and substrate mycelia. Spiral spore chains were observed on aerial mycelia; spores were oval to cylindrical, with smooth surfaces. The organism was found to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan. The whole cell hydrolysates were found to contain glucose and ribose. The cellular fatty acid profile mainly consists of anteiso-C17:0 and iso-C16:0. The menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H8), MK-10(H6) and MK-9(H6). The polar lipids profile were found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, a ninhydrin-positive glycophospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified glycolipids. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the organism belongs to the genus Streptomyces and in the 16S rRNA gene tree it formed a distinct phyletic line together with the closely related type strain Streptomyces burgazadensis Z1R7T (95.2% sequence similarity). However, the phenotypic characteristics of strain 4-2-13T are significantly different from those of S. burgazadensis Z1R7T. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain 4-2-13T represents a novel species in the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces thermoalkaliphilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4-2-13T (= DSM 42159T = CGMCC 4. 7205T).

Amylosporus sulcatus sp. nov. (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from Southern China.

Amylosporus sulcatus sp. nov. is described from Nonggang Nature Reserve, southern China, on the basis of morphological and molecular data. The morphological description and illustrations for the new species are provided. The species is characterized by pileate and stipitate basidiocarps. The pileus surface is obviously concentrically and radiately sulcate and tomentum, and the pore surface is snow white. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA confirmed it to be a new species.

Thermotunica guangxiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from mushroom residue compost.

A novel thermophilic actinomycete, designated AG2-7T, was isolated from mushroom residue compost in Guangxi University, Nanning, China. The strain grew optimally at 45-60 °C, at pH 7.0 and with 0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. Vegetative mycelia were branched and whitish to pale yellow without fragmentation. Aerial mycelium was abundant, whitish and differentiated into long chains of spores, with a membranous structure or tunica partially covering the surface of aerial hyphae. The non-motile spores were oval in shape with a ridged surface. Strain AG-27T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, and the whole-cell sugars were galactose and ribose. Major fatty acids were iso-C16:0 (27.51%), iso-C17:0 (10.47%) and anteiso-C17:0 (12.01%). MK-9(H4) was the predominant menaquinone. The polar phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, ninhydrin-positive glycophospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, an unknown phospholipid and unknown glucosamine-containing phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.6 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the organism belonged to the family Pseudonocardiaceae, suborder Pseudonocardineae and showed more than 5% divergence from other members of the family. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain AG2-7T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Pseudonocardiaceae, for which the name Thermotunica guangxiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is AG2-7T (=ATCC BAA-2499T=CGMCC 4.7099T).

Poly[(µ(3)-quinoline-6-carboxyl-ato-κ(3)N:O:O')silver(I)].

In the title coordination polymer, [Ag(C(10)H(6)NO(2))](n), the Ag(I) cation is coordinated by two O atoms and one N atom from three 6-quinoline-carboxyl-ate anions in a distorted T-shaped AgNO(2) geometry, in which the O-Ag-O angle is 160.44 (9)°. The 6-quinoline-carboxyl-ate anion bridges three Ag(+) cations, forming a nearly planar polymeric sheet parallel to (101). The distance between Ag(+) cations bridged by the carboxyl group is 2.9200 (5) Å. In the crystal, π-π stacking is observed between parallel quinoline ring systems, the centroid-centroid distance being 3.7735 (16) Å.

catena-Poly[[silver(I)-µ-1,2-bis-(4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)ethane-κ(2)N:N'] perchlorate hemihydrate].

In the title coordination polymer, {[Ag(C(12)H(20)N(2)O(2))]ClO(4)·0.5H(2)O}(n), the Ag(I) cation is coordinated by two N atoms from two 1,2-bis-(4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)ethane (L) ligands in a nearly linear geometry [N-Ag-N = 171.07 (8)°]. The L ligand bridges adjacent Ag(+) cations, forming a polymeric chain running along the c axis. The lattice water mol-ecule is situated on a twofold rotation axis, and links to the perchlorate anion via an O-H⋯O hydrogen bond. The long Ag⋯O separation of 3.200 (4) Šindicates a weak inter-action between the perchlorate anion and the Ag(I) cation. Weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding occurs between the chain and the lattice water mol-ecule and between the chain and perchlorate anions. Both five-membered rings of the L ligand display envelope conformations; in one five-membered ring, the flap C atom is disordered on opposite sides of the ring with occupancies of 0.65 and 0.35.

Tetra-kis[µ-1,4-bis-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)benzene-κN:N']tetra-kis-(µ-methano-lato-κO:O)bis-(µ-perchlorato-κO:O')tetra-copper(II) bis-(perchlorate).

The title tetra-nuclear Cu(II) complex, [Cu(4)(C(12)H(12)N(2)O(2))(4)(CH(3)O)(4)(ClO(4))(2)](ClO(4))(2), is located around an inversion center. Each Cu(II) atom is coordinated by two cis-O atoms from two bridging methano-late anions and two cis-N atoms from two bridging 1,4-bis-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)benzene (L) ligands in the basal plane, and is further coordinated by one O atom of the bridging perchlorate anion, forming a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. The Cu⋯Cu separations in the recta-ngular core are 2.9878 (11) and 6.974 (1) Å. In the asymmetric unit, there are two L ligands with a syn conformation. In one L ligand, the dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and the terminal 4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl mean planes are 22.1 (4) and 33.1 (4)°, and in the other L ligand the corresponding dihedral angles are 29.3 (4) and 29.9 (4)°. The uncoordinated perchlorate anion is linked with the complex mol-ecules via weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.