ABSTRACT
Significance: The shortwave infrared (SWIR, â¼900 to 2000 nm) holds promise for label-free measurements of water and lipid content in thick tissue, owed to the chromophore-specific absorption features and low scattering in this range. In vivo water and lipid estimations have potential applications including the monitoring of hydration, volume status, edema, body composition, weight loss, and cancer. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no point-of-care or wearable devices available that exploit the SWIR wavelength range, limiting clinical and at-home translation of this technology. Aim: To design and fabricate a diffuse optical wearable SWIR probe for water and lipid quantification in tissue. Approach: Simulations were first performed to confirm the theoretical advantage of SWIR wavelengths over near infrared (NIR). The probe was then fabricated, consisting of light emitting diodes at three wavelengths (980, 1200, 1300 nm) and four source-detector (S-D) separations (7, 10, 13, 16 mm). In vitro validation was then performed on emulsion phantoms containing varying concentrations of water, lipid, and deuterium oxide (D2O). A deep neural network was developed as the inverse model for quantity estimation. Results: Simulations indicated that SWIR wavelengths could reduce theoretical water and lipid extraction errors from â¼6% to â¼1% when compared to NIR wavelengths. The SWIR probe had good signal-to-noise ratio (>32 dB up to 10 mm S-D) and low drift (<1.1% up to 10 mm S-D). Quantification error in emulsion phantoms was 2.1±1.1% for water and -1.2±1.5% for lipid. Water estimation during a D2O dilution experiment had an error of 3.1±3.7%. Conclusions: This diffuse optical SWIR probe was able to quantify water and lipid contents in vitro with good accuracy, opening the door to human investigations.
Subject(s)
Deep Learning , Wearable Electronic Devices , Humans , Emulsions , Water , LipidsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Health-promoting behaviors could serve as a major strategy to optimize long-term outcomes for adolescents with congenital heart disease. The associations assessed from a positive perspective of knowledge, attitudes, and practice model would potentially cultivate health-promoting behaviors during adolescence. AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between disease knowledge, resilience, family functioning, and health-promoting behaviors in adolescents with congenital heart disease. METHODS: A total of 320 adolescents with congenital heart disease who were aged 12-18 years were recruited from pediatric cardiology outpatient departments, and participated in a cross-sectional survey. The participants completed the Leuven Knowledge Questionnaire for Congenital Heart Disease; Haase Adolescent Resilience in Illness Scale; Family Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve; and Adolescent Health Promotion scales. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and three multiple regression models. RESULTS: Greater knowledge of prevention of complications and higher resilience had a more powerful effect in enhancing health-promoting behaviors. Having symptoms and moderate or severe family dysfunction were significantly more negatively predictive of health-promoting behaviors than not having symptoms and positive family function. The third model explained 40% of the variance in engaging in health-promoting behaviors among adolescents with congenital heart disease. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide new insights into the role of disease knowledge, resilience, and family functioning in the health-promoting behavior of adolescents with congenital heart disease. Continued efforts are required to plan family care programs that promote the acquisition of sufficient disease knowledge and the development of resilience for adolescents with congenital heart disease.
