Renal Artery Partial Occlusion After Aortic Dissection Is Associated With Impaired Renal Function in the Affected Kidney.

BACKGROUND: The renal artery is often involved in aortic dissection, leading to kidney ischaemia and renal dysfunction. However, some patients with aortic dissection with combined renal artery involvement do not show clinical renal dysfunction. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between renal artery involvement and renal function. METHODS: Data and images were collected from 79 patients (Group A), in Beijing Anzhen hospital between January 2015 and December 2017, who had type A aortic dissection, in order to analyse the relationship between renal artery involvement and serum creatinine. In order to further analyse the relationship between renal artery involvement and single kidney function, data from 27 patients (Group B) with aortic dissection from August 2018 to October 2018 were collected. Renal dynamic imaging was conducted, and clinical and image data were recorded. RESULTS: Results showed that patients with one partially occluded renal artery had higher variance of serum creatinine after surgery compared with patients with one false-lumen renal artery (5.8±22.7 µmol/L vs -18.7±22.7 µmol/L; p=0.003). The glomerular filtration rate of a single kidney that had a partially occluded renal artery was lower than that of a single kidney with a normal renal artery (37.77±9.57 vs 42.73±10.54; p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: A partially occluded renal artery in aortic dissection was associated with impaired renal function after surgery, even though patients did not present high serum creatinine. More attention should be paid to those experiencing aortic dissection.

Emergency percutaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair for patients with traumatic thoracic aortic blunt injury: A single center experience.

PURPOSE: To analyze the efficacy and outcome of percutaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in patients with traumatic blunt aortic injury in our single-center. METHODS: From January 2014 to December 2018, a total of 89 patients with traumatic blunt aortic injuries were treated with emergency TEVAR in our center. Their clinical data such as demographics, operative details and postprocedure outcomes were analyzed retrospectively in this study using SPSS 20 software. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are expressed as the numbers and percentages of patients. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 37 years, and 76 (85.4%) were males. All the patients were involved in violent accidents and combined with associated injuries. Two patients died while awaiting the operations and 87 patients underwent emergency percutaneous TEVAR, with a 100% technique success. The mean time interval from admission to operating room was (90.1 ± 18.7) min, and the mean procedure time was (54.6 ± 11.9) min. Eighty (92.0%) patients were operated on under local anesthesia, while other 7 (8.0%) patients were under general anesthesia. Two cases underwent open repair of the femoral arteries because of the pseudoaneurysm formation of the access vessels. A total of 98 aortic covered stent grafts were deployed, of which 11 patients used two stent grafts (all in dissection cases). The length of the stent was (177.5 ± 24.6) mm. The horizontal diameter of aorta arch at the proximal left subclavian artery ostium was (24.9 ± 2.4) mm, the proximal diameter of the covered stent was (30.5 ± 2.6) mm, and the oversize rate of proximal site was (22.7 ± 4.0)%. The proximal landing zone length was (14.1 ± 5.5) mm. The left subclavian artery ostium was completely covered in 5 patients and partially covered in 32 patients. No blood flow reconstruction was performed. The overall aortic-related mortality was 2.25% (2/89). Among 87 patients, the median follow-up time was 24 months. Postoperative computed tomography angiography scans demonstrated no residual pseudoaneurysm, hematoma or endoleak. One patient complained of mild left upper limb weakness during follow-up due to left subclavian artery occlusion. Neither late death, nor neurological or other complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Emergency percutaneous endovascular repair is a less invasive and effective approach for the treatment of traumatic blunt aortic injuries. Long-term results remain to be further followed.

Smoking history increases the risk of long-term mortality after thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with an uncomplicated type B dissection.

BACKGROUND: The preferred treatment for uncomplicated type B dissection (thoracic endovascular aortic repair [TEVAR] or medical) is still under debate. Since 2001, our center has performed TEVAR for uncomplicated type B dissection. Based on our data, 5- and 10-year survival rates among patients with uncomplicated type B dissection after TEVAR were 96.5% and 83.0%, respectively. We, therefore, believe that TEVAR is preferable for uncomplicated type B dissections. This study analyzed the impact of a pre-operative smoking history on long-term survival after TEVAR in patients with uncomplicated type B dissections. METHODS: From May 2001 to December 2013, data from 751 patients with type B dissections were collected and analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups (337 smoking patients and 414 non-smoking patients). The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare survival curves of the two groups. Multivariable analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model were used to estimate the effects of smoking on survival rates. RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year survival rates of non-smokers were 97.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 96.0%-99.2%) and 87.0% (95% CI, 81.6%-92.7%), respectively, and 94.9% (95% CI, 92.2%-97.7%) and 73.8% (95% CI, 62.3%-87.5%) for smokers, respectively (Log-rank test, P = 0.006). Multivariable analyses showed that smoking increased the risk of death during follow-up, 2.1-fold when compared to non-smokers (P = 0.039). CONCLUSION: A pre-operative smoking history increases long-term mortality rates after TEVAR in patients with uncomplicated type B dissections.

Analysis of perioperative outcome and long-term survival rate of thoracic endovascular aortic repair in uncomplicated type B dissection: single-centre experience with 751 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To study the perioperative outcomes and long-term survival rates in patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for uncomplicated type B dissection. METHODS: A total of 751 patients with uncomplicated type B dissection who underwent TEVAR at our centre between May 2001 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of all patients (619 males and 132 females) was 52.8 ± 10.9 years. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 170 months (median 70 months). RESULTS: Five patients died during the perioperative period (mortality rate 0.7%). Four patients (0.5%) developed retrograde type A dissection. Two patients (0.3%) developed paraplegia and 1 patient developed incomplete paralysis (0.1%). There were no postoperative cerebral infarctions. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 96.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 95.0-98.0%] and 83.0% (95% CI 77.9-88.4%), respectively. The 5- and 10-year reintervention rates were 4.6% (95% CI 3.0-6.2%) and 7.9% (95% CI 5.3-10.5%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the application of TEVAR for patients with uncomplicated dissection is still under debate, many patients who have undergone TEVAR have benefitted substantially from the treatment. Our data showed that TEVAR had low mortality and complication rates both in the short- and long-term follow-up periods. TEVAR may be considered as a first choice for patients with uncomplicated type B dissection.

Distal Stent Graft-Induced New Entry After TEVAR of Type B Aortic Dissection: Experience in 15 Years.

BACKGROUND: Experience is limited with distal stent graft-induced new entry (SINE) after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) of type B dissection (TBAD). We report the management strategy and outcomes in such patients. METHODS: Clinical data were analyzed for 95 patients (age, 53.2 ± 10.9 years; 82 men) who presented with distal SINE after TEVAR for TBAD. RESULTS: Follow-up was 100% for 7.2 ± 3 years after primary TEVAR. Distal SINE occurred at a mean of 2.7 ± 2.4 years. Re-TEVAR was performed for 78, with routine stent grafts in 64 and a more tapered graft in 14. Three patients were managed surgically and 14 medically. Two patients died after re-TEVAR. During follow-up at 5.8 ± 2.9 years, late death occurred in 19 patients, 7 with medical therapy and 12 with re-TEVAR. Distal SINE recurred in 11 at 3.5 ± 1.7 years after re-TEVAR. Reintervention significantly improved survival up to 8 years compared with medical therapy (88.3% vs 63.5%, p = 0.001). In 64 patients with routine stent grafts, mortality was 24%, distal SINE recurred in 20%, and recurrence-free survival was 56% at 6 years. Neither death nor recurrence of SINE occurred in 14 patients with a more tapered stent graft. Predictors for distal SINE after primary TEVAR were stent graft length (hazard ratio, 0.984; p = 0.037) and chronic phase (hazard ratio, 1.725; p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: In TBAD patients with distal SINE after TEVAR, reintervention with re-TEVAR could improve long-term survival significantly. Recurrence of distal SINE was high after re-TEVAR using routine stent grafts. More tapered stent grafts may be helpful in preventing the recurrence of distal SINE.

[Effect of propofol and operative trauma on neurodevelopment and cognitive function of developing brain in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of propofol and operative trauma on the neurodevelopment and cognitive function of the developing brain and its mechanism. METHODS: A total of 104 postnatal day 13 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (treated by 7.5 mL/kg saline and sham surgery), propofol group (treated by 75 mg/kg propofol), surgery group (with abdominal surgery under local anesthesia) and propofol+surgery group (with abdominal surgery under local anesthesia plus 75 mg/kg propofol anesthesia). Thirteen rats from each group were randomly selected for detecting the content of TNF-α in the hippocampus and the expression levels of caspase-3 and c-fos in the brain. Morris Water Maze test was used to detect the cognitive ability of the other rats at 60 days old, after which TNF-α content in the hippocampus and caspase-3 and c-fos expressions in the brain were detected. RESULTS: In 13 day-old rats, TNF-α level and caspase-3 and c-fos expressions differed significantly between the surgery group and the other 3 groups (P<0.05) and were similar among the control group, propofol group and propofol+surgery group (P>0.05). In 60-day-old rats, Morris water maze test results, TNF-α level or expressions of caspase-3 and c-fos showed no significant differences among the 4 groups. CONCLUSION: Abdominal surgery can induce inflammation in the hippocampus and neuroapoptosis in neonatal rats rather than adult rats. Single-dose propofol anesthesia does not significantly affect neurodevelopment of young rats, and can relieve central inflammatory reaction induced by surgical trauma.

Endovascular repair of residual intimal tear or distal new entry after frozen elephant trunk for type A aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: In patients with type A dissection, residual dissection and new distal entry tears following the frozen elephant trunk (FET) procedure adversely affect long-term prognosis. Management include open and endovascular repair, while clinical experience is limited. We evaluate the efficacy of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in management of residual intimal tear or distal new entry tear following FET in patients with type A aortic dissection (TAAD). METHODS: Between May 2003 and April 2013, we performed FET and total arch replacement for 1,003 patients with TAAD. Among these, 23 patients (2.3%) required TEVAR for distal new entry (n=2) or residual intimal tear (n=21) at a mean of 2.0±1.6 years after FET. Mean age was 50.1±11.5 years. Marfan syndrome was seen in 2 patients (8.7%). RESULTS: Procedural success was 100%. The distal landing zone was above the 11th thoracic vertebra (T11) in 86.9% (20/23). Neither death nor any paraplegia or stroke occurred early after TEVAR. Follow-up was complete in 100% averaging 2.8±1.7 years (0.3-6.4). One non-Marfan patient died of distal aortic rupture at 4 months after TEVAR. No late stroke or paraplegia occurred. Survival was 95.7% (95% CI, 72.9-99.4%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively. CTA detected false lumen obliteration by thrombus around the endograft in the descending aorta in 91.3% (21/23) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: These early and midterm outcomes show the efficacy of TEVAR in obliterating the residual intimal tear or distal new entry after FET in patients with TAAD. TEVAR may be an alternative approach to distal new entry or residual intimal tear following FET for patients with TAAD.

Hybrid Operation for Descending Aortic Pathologies Involving Distal Aortic Arch.

Background A combined endovascular and debranching hybrid procedure was performed for descending aortic pathologies involving the distal aortic arch. We reviewed our results of this procedure to summarize clinical experiences. Methods From April 2009 to April 2013, 36 patients (21 males and 15 females) underwent the hybrid operation. Hospital stay and complications were closely monitored after operation. Follow-up CT scan was performed at postoperative 3 months and 12 months. Results The hospital stay ranged from 7 to 25 (15.1 ± 5.0) days. The mean age at operation was 67.6 ± 4.8 years (range: 60-79 years). In-hospital mortality and stroke rates were 2.8% (1/36) and 2.8% (1/36). At a mean follow-up of 22 months (4-52 months), the mortality was 0% (0/35). All remaining 35 patients returned to normal life. During the follow-up period, one patient required secondary endovascular reintervention for a type 1 distal endovascular leak. Conclusion Hybrid repair for descending aortic pathologies involving the distal arch proves to be effective and safe at midterm follow-up with acceptable surgical risks and satisfactory results.

Endovascular Repair for Thoracic Aortic False Aneurysms: Single-Center Experience in 102 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic aortic false aneurysm is unusual and experience with endovascular repair is limited. We evaluate the efficacy of endovascular repair in patients with thoracic aortic false aneurysms. METHODS: The early and midterm outcomes of endovascular repair in 102 patients with thoracic aortic false aneurysms were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 80 men and 22 women (age 54.9 ± 13.7 years). Emergent or urgent endovascular repair was done in 19 cases (18.6%) and elective in 83 (81.4%). Procedure was successful in 99.0%. Early death occurred in 4 patients (3.9%). No early death occurred in elective patients. Early complications occurred in 7 patients (6.9%). Follow-up was complete in 100% for 24.0 ± 18.5 months (range, 1.5 to 67.3). Fourteen late deaths occurred (13.7%). Late events occurred in 9 patients (8.8%). Survival at 6 month, 1 year and 3 years was 90.7%, 86.7% and 84.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory early and midterm outcomes have been achieved with endovascular repair in this series. Although emergent or urgent patients had higher rates of early mortality and morbidity, the majority of them achieved stable late survival as long as they survived at least 6 months. These results argue favorably for use of endovascular repair in the management of patients with thoracic aortic false aneurysms.

Risk factors for distal stent graft-induced new entry following endovascular repair of type B aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: Distal stent graft-induced new entry (DSINE) has been increasingly observed following thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for type B aortic dissection (TBAD). We seek to identify the risk factors for DSINE following TEVAR in patients with TBAD. METHODS: Between January 2009 and January 2013, we performed TEVAR for 579 patients with TBAD. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed with univariate and multivariate analyses to identify the risk factors for DSINE. RESULTS: Two patients (0.3%) died after the initial TEVAR. Morbidity included spinal cord injury in 2 (0.3%), stroke in 3 (0.5%) and endoleak in 12 (2.1%) patients. Clinical and radiological follow-up was complete in 100% (577/577) averaging 47±16 months. Late death occurred in 6 patients. DSINE occurred in 39 patients (6.7%) at mean 22±17 months after the initial TEVAR, which was managed with re-TEVAR in 25 and medically in 14. At 33±18 months after DSINE, 11 of patients managed medically (11/14) and all patients managed with re-TEVAR (25/25) survived (P=0.048). Freedom from DSINE was 92.7% at 5 years (95% CI: 90.0-94.7%). Using tapered stent grafts with a proximal end 4-8 mm larger than the distal end, TEVAR performed in the acute phase (≤14 days from onset) was associated with a significantly lower incidence of DSINE than TEVAR performed in the chronic phase (4.3%, 7/185 vs. 13.9%, 15/108; P=0.003). Risk factors for DSINE were stent grafts less than 145 mm in length [odds ratio (OR) 2.268; 95% CI: 1.121-4.587; P=0.023] and TEVAR performed in the chronic phase (OR 1.935; 95% CI: 1.004-3.731; P=0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that TEVAR performed during the acute phase and using stent grafts longer than 145 mm could decrease the incidence of DSINE in patients with TBAD. Tapered stent grafts with a proximal end 4-8 mm larger than the distal end may be helpful in preventing DSINE after TEVAR performed in the acute phase than TEVAR performed in the chronic phase, due to the difference in mobility of the dissected flap. Expedite repeat TEVAR is recommended to improve the clinical prognosis for patients with DSINE.

Treating patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm with endovascular repair and the crossover chimney technique in the internal iliac artery to protect the unilateral internal iliac artery.

This study aims to explore the treatment methods for patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) that required occlusion of the openings of the bilateral internal iliac arteries (IIAs) in endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments. Four patients with AAA were treated with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and the crossover chimney technique in the bilateral internal iliac arteries (IIAs). We inserted and released the abdominal aortic stent as usual and implanted the bypass stent graft simultaneously. The intraoperative immediate angiography showed complete isolation of the AAA and patency of the bypass. One month after surgery, it showed contrast engorgement in the bypass stent in three patients. The IIA on the bypass side and its branches had good developing. Another case in which we utilized a COOK stent, occlusion started at the opening of the bypass stent, with no occurrence of other complications. For patients in whom AAAs involve bilateral iliac arteries and the openings of the bilateral IIAs need to be occluded, EVAR and a crossover chimney technique can protect the unilateral IIA.

[Effects of thoracic endovascular repair in patients of type B aortic dissection].

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate early and mid-term results of thoracic endovascular repair (TEVAR) of type B aortic dissection by the second generation of stent graft. METHODS: From January 2009 to January 2013, 383 acute, 43 sub-acute and 152 chronic patients with type B aortic dissection underwent TEVAR in our aortic center. The mean follow-up period was (27 ± 14) months. All clinical data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality and morbidity were 0.35% and 1.2% respectively. The mid-term mortality and morbidity were 0.35% and 5.5%. Serious complications included retrograde type A dissection (n = 3), new tear at the distal end of stent (n = 26), endoleak (n = 3) and paraplegia (n = 0). The retreatment rate was 5.2% ( 6 patients were transformed to open operation and 24 patients underwent re-intervention). CONCLUSIONS: The early and mid-term results of thoracic endovascular repair (TEVAR) of type B aortic dissection by the second generation of stent graft showed lower mortality, no paraplegia and significant reduced endoleaks in comparison with the first generation stent graft. The new distal tear caused by the stent graft became the major complication. The design of the stent graft still need improvement.

Treatment of aortic root aneurysm and mitral valve pathology through a single aortotomy.

BACKGROUND: Aortic root aneurysms combined with lesions of the mitral valve requires synchronous operations. The conventional approach is to treat the two lesions through separate aortic and atrial incisions. METHODS: From May 2009 to August 2012, 28 transaortic mitral valve operations were performed. There were 23 males and five females, the age ranged from 18 to 75 years, mean 41 ± 16 years. The operative procedures included Bentall+MVR in 20 patients, Bentall+MVP in three patients, Bentall+total arch replacement+stent elephant trunk+MVP in one patient, Bentall+total arch replacement+stent elephant trunk+MVR in two patients, Bentall+MVP+CABG in two patients. Follow-up was completed for all patients, with a mean follow-up period of 22 ± 10 months and a maximum of 42 months. RESULTS: Transaortic mitral valve surgery was successful for all patients. There was a reoperation in two patients for bleeding. In the MVP group, there was mild regurgitation in two cases before discharge, without further development during the follow-up. In the MVR group, there was paravalvular leakage in one patient three months later, which required repair. There were no deaths in the hospital and the follow-up period, and no valve-associated complication during the follow-up period. The heart function of all patients during the follow-up period was Level I-II (NYHA). CONCLUSION: Transaortic mitral valve operation is a feasible surgical approach to treat patients with aortic root aneurysms combined with mitral valve lesions.

Use of covered Cheatham-Platinum stent as the primary modality in the treatment for native coarctation of the aorta.

BACKGROUND: Bare stent implantation in the treatment for native and recurrent coarctation of the aorta (CoA) has become established as an alternative to surgery and balloon angioplasty. However, this modality still encounters significant complications during the procedure and/or follow-up. The covered Cheatham-Platinum (CP) stent commonly used to be chosen as a rescue treatment in these patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of covered CP stent as the primary modality in the treatment for native CoA. METHODS: Twenty-five covered CP stents and 2 bare CP stents were implanted in 25 patients with native CoA. All patients after the intervention were invited for follow-up examinations. RESULTS: The peak systolic gradient across the lesion decreased significantly from a median value of 67.5 mmHg (quartile range, 19.3 mmHg) to 2 mmHg (quartile range, 4.0 mmHg) (P < 0.0001). Stenotic segment diameter increased from a median value of 5.0 mm (quartile range, 1.5 mm) to 17.9 mm (quartile range, 2.5 mm) (P < 0.0001). The median ratio of diameter of the coarctation postprocedure to preprocedure was 4.2 (quartile range, 1.6). All of the CP stents were placed in the suitable position without any acute complications. During a follow-up period of up to 72 months, no complications were encountered. Most of the patients (21/25) were normotensive, apart from four patients requiring antihypertensive medication during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: The implantation of covered CP stent as the primary modality is safe and effective in the treatment for native CoA in adolescents and adults.

Surgical and transcatheter closure of right pulmonary artery to left atrial fistula.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Right pulmonary artery to left atrium fistula is a very rare cardiac malformation. We sought to describe our experience with surgical and transcatheter treatment of this defect in three cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between October 2000 and October 2009, three patients with right pulmonary artery to left atrial fistula were treated at our institute. They were all males and aged 23, 7, and 14, respectively. They presented with cyanosis with clubbing of fingers and toes in three cases, and exertional dyspnea in two. Laboratory tests showed elevated hemoglobin and decreased systemic arterial oxygen saturation. Preoperative diagnosis was made by echocardiography and cardioangiography. The fistula was closed surgically in two patients either by simple ligation without cardiopulmonary bypass or by suture of the fistula from inside the right pulmonary artery lumen under cardiopulmonary bypass. In the third patient, the fistula was occluded with an 18-mm Amplatzer septal occluder (AGA Medical, Plymouth, MN, USA). RESULTS: The systemic oxygen saturation rose up to above 96% immediately after the procedures. No operative or procedural complication and late deaths occurred. All three patients were asymptomatic on follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Both surgical and transcatheter closure are safe and reliable treatment for patients with right pulmonary artery to left atrial fistula. The treatment should be individualized and performed as soon as the diagnosis is made.

[Outcome of interventional therapy of perimembranous ventricular septal defects].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the outcome of patients with perimembranous ventricular septal defects (VSD) after transcatheter closure. METHODS: Follow up data were analyzed in 445 VSD patients [203 males, (14.2 +/- 6.8) years] underwent transcatheter closure (TCVSD) using Amplatzer occluder or homemade occluder in Fu Wai hospital from November 2002 to November 2007. Left ventriculography and ascending aorta angiography were performed before and after TCVSD. Routine follow-up including electrocardiogram, echocardiography and X-ray were made at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post TCVSD and followed at 12 months interval thereafter. RESULTS: Mean follow up time was 25.6 months. There was no death during follow up. Procedure was successful in 417 patients (93.7%) and complete closure within 5 years was achieved in 410 patients (98.3%). During follow up, 2 patients developed complete left bundle branch block and left ventricle enlargement. Complete atrioventricular block was evidenced in 3 patients and 2 patients requiring permanent pacemaker implantations. Newly occurred moderate-large aortic valve regurgitation was found in 2 patients. Newly developed moderate-large tricuspid valve regurgitation was found in 2 patients and moderate mitral valve regurgitation was found in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects is effective though this procedure is also associated with limited complications.

[Value of balloon atrial septostomy in hybrid procedure for patients with complex congenital heart disease].

OBJECTIVE: To access the value of balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) in hybrid procedure for patients with complex congenital heart disease. METHODS: From September 2000 to February 2008, ten patients with complex congenital heart disease underwent BAS before surgical radical therapy with the guidance of X-ray or transthoracic echocardiography. Eight patients (ages from 2 days to 50 days) were complete transposition of great arteries (TGA), and two patients (age was 60 days, 39 years respectively) were total anomalous of pulmonary venous connexion (TAPVC) with restrictive atrial septal defect. RESULTS: All procedure achieved successfully, no severe complications occurred. The average oxygen saturation of femoral arteries of patients increased from 68.3% (pre-procedure) to 81.8% (post-procedure) significantly. the status in short of oxygen of all patients improved immediately. All patients survived until a surgical radical therapy. After successful operations, nine patients discharged, only one patient died of disorder of electrolyte. CONCLUSION: BAS was a ideal palliate therapy for some cyanotic complex congenital heart disease, and can play a important role in hybrid procedure for patients with complex congenital heart disease.

Thrombolytic therapy for femoral artery thrombosis after left cardiac catheterization in children.

BACKGROUND: Femoral artery thrombosis is one of the most common complications of catheterizations in infants and young children. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy for femoral artery thrombosis after left cardiac catheterization in children. METHODS: Thrombolytic therapy with urokinase was carried out in children with femoral artery thrombosis after left cardiac catheterization. Each patient was given a bolus injection of heparin (100 U/kg). A bolus of urokinase (30,000 - 100,000 U) was injected intravenously, and then a continuous infusion of 10 000 - 50 000 U/h was administered. Transcatheter thrombolysis was performed once previous procedures failed. RESULTS: Eight patients (aged (3.1 +/- 2.3) years (8 months to 7 years), body weight (13.1 +/- 4.2) kg (7 to 20 kg)) presented lower limbs ischemia after left cardiac catheterizations was performed. Seven patients accepted thrombolytic therapy with urokinase. In 5 patients, peripheral intravenous thrombolysis was successful with restoration of a normal pulse. In the other 3 cases, peripheral intravenous thrombolysis failed, followed by successful transcatheter thrombolysis. The average duration of therapy was (7.25 +/- 5.31) hours (1 - 17 hours). The average doses of heparin and urokinase were (1600 +/- 723) U (800 - 3000 U) and (268 571 +/- 177 240) U (50 000 - 500 000 U), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in partial thromboplastin time before and during urokinase therapy ((40.6 +/- 22.3) to (49.9 +/- 39.2) seconds). However, the prothrombin time was significantly longer ((12.7 +/- 2.58) to (48.1 +/- 18.6) seconds, P < 0.05). Patency of the target vessel was evaluated in all the patients for 2 weeks and no occlusion recurred. CONCLUSION: Thrombolytic therapy with urokinase is a safe and useful modality in children with femoral artery thrombosis after left cardiac catheterization.