[Allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing, from 2010 to 2015].

Objective: To explore the allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing CDC and to put forward related scientific evidence for improvement. Methods: To gather and comparatively analyze the human, financial and material resources of Beijing CDC reported by China Information System, from 2010 to 2015. Results: Research findings showed that on average, 1.43 CDC members served ten thousand people in Beijing in 2015, which was below the set national standard. The proportion of staff with either master/doctor degrees or senior professional titles showed an annual upward trend from 2010 to 2015 (P<0.05), the proportion was higher in the municipal CDC than that in the District CDCs, in 2015 (P<0.05). Fiscal deficit had existed for many years. The average capability for different kinds of testings did not reach the national standard. Numbers of instruments and equipment were higher than that of the national standard. The average space of Beijing CDC was 55.9 square meters/person, again had not met the nationally recommended criteria. Conclusions: The allocation of CDC human resources was significantly imbalanced in Beijing. The structure of CDC human resources should be improved. We suggested that the Full Funding Security Model' should be unified. And the average space of the Beijing CDC should meet the national standard in the years to come.

[Epidemic trend on notifiable communicable diseases from 2010 to 2015 in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trends and epidemiological characteristics of notifiable communicable diseases from 2010 to 2015 in Beijing so as to provide reliable reference data. METHODS: Data on the epidemiological characteristics was gathered and analyzed through the monitoring programs on notifiable diseases, reported by the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, from 2010 to 2015. RESULTS: A total of 764 290 cases of notifiable communicable diseases were reported from 2010 to 2015 in Beijing. The annual reported incidence on notifiable communicable diseases showed an annual downward (χ(2)=1.25×10(4), P<0.01), with rates between 498.95/100 000 and 828.45/100 000. The annual reported incidence rates of intestinal infectious diseases and respiratory infectious diseases also showed an annual downward (χ(2)=1.25×10(4), P<0.01; χ(2)=4.97×10(2), P<0.01), which accounted for 39.72% and 33.01% among the total classes A and B reported cases, respectively. The average annual reported incidence rates in males were higher than that in females. The average annual incidence of children under 7 years old appeared higher than that of the other age groups that accounted for 47.79% of the total reported cases. High incidence mainly appeared in children that living scattering around which accounted for 31.64% of the total reported cases. The first three leading incidence rates seen in other infectious diseases were infectious diarrhea, hand-foot-and-mouth disease and dysentery for the last consecutive 6 years. The laboratory diagnosed rate on notifiable disease was 16.67%, but with a trend of annual increase. CONCLUSION: Intestinal infective diseases kept the highest incidence among all the notifiable communicable diseases, suggesting the necessity of improving the prevention and control programs on notifiable communicable diseases in preschool, especially in those children with their houses scattered around. Programs on laboratory diagnosis also need to be strengthened.

Microencapsulation of chlorpheniramine maleate-resin particles with crosslinked chitosan for sustained release.

Formulation and preparation parameters of drug/ion-exchange particles microencapsulated in cross-linked chitosan were evaluated for controlled release of the water-soluble drug chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in a suspension. An emulsion solvent evaporation method was used to produce CPM-resinates embedded in glutaraldehyde (GTA) crosslinked chitosan microspheres (MCSs). Crosslinking extent in the chitosan was monitored by swelling measurements. Controlled release was evaluated by dissolution tests in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (SGF) and in simulated intestinal fluid without enzyme (SIF). CPM-resinates contained 62% (w/w) of drug. MCSs were spherical, ranging from 82 to 420 microns in diameter, and contained multiple resinates. The sizes of MCSs prepared with safflower oil and Span 80 were controlled by surfactant concentration, stirring speed, and duration of stirring. Maximum crosslinking was produced with 240 mg GTA per 250 mg of chitosan. Maximum drug release from free CPM-resinates was about 60% by 1 hr in SGF, and was about 100% by 3 hr in SIF. CPM release was slower from MCSs crosslinked with 120 mg of GTA compared to 5 mg GTA in both media. By 8.3 hr, the more crosslinked MCSs released about 30% CPM in SGF, and about 60% in SIF. Because of the apparent ceiling on release in SGF, the final experiments were conducted in SIF. Increasing the weight ratio of the chitosan coating to CPM-resinate ratio from 1:1 to 4:1 moderately decreased release profiles carried out to 33 hr. Increasing MCS diameters from 82 to 163 microns moderately decreased release profiles. Microencapsulation of CPM-resinates with crosslinked chitosan demonstrated controlled release of CPM in SGF and SIF without enzymes. The retardation effect increased when the crosslinking extent and chitosan to resin ratio increased.