Distribution and Main Controlling Factors of Gas and Water in Tight Sandstone Gas Fields: A Case Study of Sudong 41-33 Block in Sulige Gas Field, Ordos Basin, China.

Studying the gas-water distribution characteristics is essential in guiding the efficient development of gas fields. The relationship between gas and water in the Sudong 41-33 Block is complicated and has not been adequately researched. In recent years, gas wells have suffered from increased water/gas ratios and significant liquid loadings, which greatly affect the development of the block. A comprehensive analysis of formation water, log interpretation, and production data was conducted to determine the gas-water distribution characteristics and main controlling factors in the Sudong 41-33 Block. The findings indicate the following. (1) The formation water in the study area consists mainly of CaCl2 brine with high total dissolved solids (TDS) (with an average value of 36.06 g/L). The hydrochemical characteristics indicate that the formation water is typical sedimentary buried water under well-sealing conditions, which is markedly different from shallow river water and seawater. (2) The formation water can be categorized into three types: edge-bottom water under the gas layer (Type I), stagnant water in tight sandstone (Type II), and isolated lenticular water (Type III). The water layer distribution in the plane is mainly concentrated in the northwest region, whereas it is dispersed in other regions. On the vertical, the water layer mainly appears in P2x8-1, P2x8-2, and P1s2 Members. (3) The physical properties of the reservoir, hydrocarbon generation intensity (HGI), source rock-reservoir relationship, and mini-structure are the main factors affecting the gas-water distribution in the study area. Based on the clarification of the characteristics of gas and water distribution and its main controlling factors, it is of great importance to accurately identify the water layer, avoid the direct development of the water layer, adopt the proper production pressure differential, and carry out drainage gas production measures in time to ensure the effective development of the gas field.

Life motion signals bias the perception of apparent motion direction.

Walking direction conveyed by biological motion (BM) cues, which humans are highly sensitive to since birth, can elicit involuntary shifts of attention to enhance the detection of static targets. Here, we demonstrated that such intrinsic sensitivity to walking direction could also modulate the direction perception of simultaneously presented dynamic stimuli. We showed that the perceived direction of apparent motion was biased towards the walking direction even though observers had been informed in advance that the walking direction of BM did not predict the apparent motion direction. In particular, rightward BM cues had an advantage over leftward BM cues in altering the perception of motion direction. Intriguingly, this perceptual bias disappeared when BM cues were shown inverted, or when the critical biological characteristics were removed from the cues. Critically, both the perceptual direction bias and the rightward advantage persisted even when only local BM cues were presented without any global configuration. Furthermore, the rightward advantage was found to be specific to social cues (i.e., BM), as it vanished when non-social cues (i.e., arrows) were utilized. Taken together, these findings support the existence of a specific processing mechanism for life motion signals and shed new light on their influences in a dynamic environment.

Life motion signals modulate visual working memory.

Previous research has demonstrated that biological motion (BM) cues can induce a reflexive attentional orienting effect, a phenomenon referred to as social attention. However, it remains undetermined whether BM cues can further affect higher-order cognitive processes, such as visual working memory (WM). By combining a modified central pre-cueing paradigm with a traditional WM change detection task, the current study investigated whether the walking direction of BM, as a non-predictive central cue, could modulate the encoding process of WM. Results revealed a significant improvement in WM performance for the items appearing at the location cued by the walking direction of BM. The observed effect disappeared when the BM cues were shown inverted, or when the critical biological characteristics of the cues were removed. Crucially, this effect could be extended to upright feet motion cues without global configuration, reflecting the key role of local BM signals in modulating WM. More importantly, such a BM-induced modulation effect was not observed with inanimate motion cues, although these cues can also elicit attentional effects. Our findings suggest that the attentional effect induced by life motion signals can penetrate to higher-order cognitive processes, and provide compelling evidence for the existence of "life motion detector" in the human brain from a high-level cognitive function perspective.

Increasing perceptual separateness affects working memory for depth - re-allocation of attention from boundaries to the fixated center.

For decades, working memory (WM) has been a heated research topic in the field of cognitive psychology. However, most studies on WM presented visual stimuli on a two-dimensional plane, rarely involving depth perception. Several previous studies have investigated how depth information is stored in WM, and found that WM for depth is even more limited in capacity and the memory performance is poor compared to visual WM. In the present study, we used a change detection task to investigate whether dissociating memory items by different visual features, thereby to increase their perceptual separateness, can improve WM performance for depth. Memory items presented at various depth planes were bound with different colors (Experiments 1 and 3) or sizes (Experiment 2). The memory performance for depth locations of visual stimuli with homogeneous and heterogeneous appearances were tested and compared. The results showed a consistent pattern that although separating items with various feature values did not affect the overall memory performance, the manipulation significantly improved memory performance for the middle depth locations but impaired the performance for the boundary locations when observers fixated at the center of the whole depth volume. The memory benefits of feature separation can be attributed to enhanced individuation of memory items, therefore facilitating a more balanced allocation of attention and memory resources.

Additive-Assisted Novel Dual-Salt Electrolyte Addresses Wide Temperature Operation of Lithium-Metal Batteries.

In this study, self-synthesized lithium trifluoro(perfluoro-tert-butyloxyl)borate (LiTFPFB) is combined with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to formulate a novel 1 m dual-salt electrolyte, which contains lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2 F2 ) additive and dominant carbonate solvents with low melting point and high boiling point. The addition of LiPO2 F2 into this novel dual-salt electrolyte dramatically improves cycleability and rate capability of a LiNi0.5 Mn0.3 Co0.2 O2 /Li (NMC/Li) battery, ranging from -40 to 90 °C. The NMC/Li batteries adopt a Li-metal anode with low thickness of 100 µm (even 50 µm) and a moderately high cathode mass loading level of 10 mg cm-2 . For the first time, this paper provides valuable perspectives for developing practical lithium-metal batteries over a wide temperature range.

A promising bulky anion based lithium borate salt for lithium metal batteries.

A new salt of lithium trifluoro(perfluoro-tert-butyloxyl)borate (LiTFPFB) which possesses a bulky fluoroalkoxyl functional group in the borate anion has been synthesized for high energy lithium metal batteries. The presence of the bulky fluoroalkoxyl group in the borate anion of LiTFPFB can facilitate ion dissociation and in situ generate a protective film on the Li anode. As a result, LiTFPFB possesses a dramatically improved ionic conductivity and LiFePO4/Li cells using 1.0 M LiTFPFB/PC electrolyte exhibit improved capacity retention especially upon cycling at elevated temperature (60 °C). Ex situ surface analysis reveals that a protective film is formed on the lithium metal anode, which can inhibit further decomposition of the electrolyte. Furthermore, the LiTFPFB based electrolyte also imparts an excellent cycling performance to LiCoO2/Li metal cells for 500 cycles. The outstanding performance of the LiTFPFB salt demonstrates that it is a very promising baseline salt for next generation lithium metal batteries.