a2, 6-Sialylation promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells migration and invasion via enhancement of nSmase2-mediated exosomal miRNA sorting

Exosomes have a critical role in the intercellular communication and metastatic progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, our group showed that α2, 6-sialylation played an important role in the proliferation- and migration-promoting effects of cancer-derived exosomes. However, the molecular basis remains elusive. In this study, the mechanism of α2, 6-sialylation-mediated specific microRNAs (miRNA) sorting into exosomes was illustrated. We performed miRNA profiling analysis to compare exosomes from HCC cell lines that differ only in α2, 6-sialylation status. A total of 388 differentially distributed miRNAs were identified in wild-type and β-galactoside α2, 6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) knockdown MHCC-97H cells-derived exosomes. Neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSmase2), an important regulator mediating the sorting of exosomal miRNAs, was found to be a target of ST6Gal-I. The reduction of α2, 6-sialylation could impair the activity of nSmase2, as well as the nSmase2-dependent exosomal miRNAs sorting. This α2,6-sialylation-dependent sorting exerted an augmentation of motility on recipient HCC cells. Our data further demonstrated that α2,6-sialylation-mediated sorting of exosomal miR-100-5p promoted the migration and invasion of recipient HepG2 cells via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The cellular metastasis–related gene CLDN11 was confirmed as a direct target of exosomal miR-100-5p, which elevated the mobility of recipient HCC cells. In conclusion, our results showed that α2,6-sialylation modulates nSmase2-dependent exosomal miRNAs sorting and promotes HCC progression. (AU)

α2,6-Sialylation promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells migration and invasion via enhancement of nSmase2-mediated exosomal miRNA sorting.

Exosomes have a critical role in the intercellular communication and metastatic progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, our group showed that α2, 6-sialylation played an important role in the proliferation- and migration-promoting effects of cancer-derived exosomes. However, the molecular basis remains elusive. In this study, the mechanism of α2, 6-sialylation-mediated specific microRNAs (miRNA) sorting into exosomes was illustrated. We performed miRNA profiling analysis to compare exosomes from HCC cell lines that differ only in α2, 6-sialylation status. A total of 388 differentially distributed miRNAs were identified in wild-type and ß-galactoside α2, 6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) knockdown MHCC-97H cells-derived exosomes. Neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSmase2), an important regulator mediating the sorting of exosomal miRNAs, was found to be a target of ST6Gal-I. The reduction of α2, 6-sialylation could impair the activity of nSmase2, as well as the nSmase2-dependent exosomal miRNAs sorting. This α2,6-sialylation-dependent sorting exerted an augmentation of motility on recipient HCC cells. Our data further demonstrated that α2,6-sialylation-mediated sorting of exosomal miR-100-5p promoted the migration and invasion of recipient HepG2 cells via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The cellular metastasis-related gene CLDN11 was confirmed as a direct target of exosomal miR-100-5p, which elevated the mobility of recipient HCC cells. In conclusion, our results showed that α2,6-sialylation modulates nSmase2-dependent exosomal miRNAs sorting and promotes HCC progression.

GALNT8 suppresses breast cancer cell metastasis potential by regulating EGFR O-GalNAcylation.

Breast cancer represents the most lethal malignancy that threatens the health of females. Metastasis is the fatal hallmark of breast cancer, and current effective therapeutic targets of metastasis are still lacking. Aberrant O-GalNAcylation, which is attributed to alteration of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases (GALNTs), has been implicated in cancer metastasis. However, GALNTs that drive metastasis in breast cancer and their underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. In the present study, a negative correlation between GALNT8 and the prognosis of breast cancer patients was observed in multiple groups of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. We then constructed a stable GALNT8 knockdown MCF7 cell line and performed transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing, which revealed that the expression of multiple migration-related genes was changed. GALNT8 was identified as a regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, ZO-1 and vimentin. Moreover, loss- and gain-of-function GALNT8 assays demonstrated that this glycosyltransferase inhibited the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, the O-GalNAcylation of EGFR, which is the key factor related to the metastasis cascade, was impacted by GALNT8. Furthermore, our results suggested that the GALNT8-mediated O-GalNAcylation led to the suppression of the EGFR signaling pathway and metastatic potential in breast cancer cells. These results suggested that GALNT8 acts as a tumor suppressor, represses tumor metastasis and inhibits the EMT process through the EGFR signaling pathway. This finding may provide insight into the mechanism by which aberrant O-glycosylation modulates breast cancer metastasis.

Expression of GALNT8 and O-glycosylation of BMP receptor 1A suppress breast cancer cell proliferation by upregulating ERα levels.

BACKGROUND: Mucin-type O-glycosylation is one of the most abundant types of O-glycosylation and plays important roles in various human carcinomas, including breast cancer. A large family of polypeptide N-acetyl-α-galactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs) initiate and define sites of mucin-type O-glycosylation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying GALNT8 expression and its roles in tumorigenesis remain poorly characterized. METHODS: GALNT8 expression was assessed in 140 breast cancer patients. Immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, lectin blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to investigate the expression of GALNT8 and its role in regulating estrogen receptor α (ERα) via bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. RESULTS: The expression of GALNT8 was associated with breast cancer patient survival. GALNT8 downregulation was associated with a reduction in ERα levels, while GALNT8 overexpression elevated the transcription and protein levels of ERα and suppressed colony formation, suggesting an important role of GALNT8 in cancer cell proliferation. Conversely, GALNT8 knockdown led to the inhibition of BMP/SMAD/RUNX2 axis, which decreased ERα transcription. Further analysis suggested that BMP receptor 1A (BMPR1A) was O-GalNAcylated. Sites mutation of BMPR1A indicated that Thr137 and Ser37/Ser39/Ser44/Thr49 of BMPR1A were the main O-glycosylation sites. Although we cannot exclude the indirect effect of GALNT8, our results demonstrated that the expression of GALNT8 and O-glycosylation of BMPR1A play key roles in regulating the activity of BMP/SMAD/RUNX2 signaling and ERα expression. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that GALNT8 expression and abnormal O-GalNAcylation of BMPR1A increase ERα expression and suppress breast cancer cell proliferation by modulating the BMP signaling pathway. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our results identify the involvement of GALNT8 in regulating ERα expression.

FOXA2 inhibits doxorubicin-induced apoptosis via transcriptionally activating HBP rate-limiting enzyme GFPT1 in HCC cells.

Apoptosis plays an important role in both carcinogenesis and cancer treatment. Understanding the mechanisms through which resistance to apoptosis occurs in cancer cells has huge implications for cancer treatment. Although pieces of evidence have shown that elevated levels of global O-GlcNAcylation play an anti-apoptotic role in myriad cancers, the underlying mechanism is still ambiguous. In this study, we demonstrated that FOXA2, an essential transcription factor for liver homeostasis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, inhibits doxorubicin (DOX)-induced apoptosis through elevating cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HCC cells. In response to DOX treatment, elevated FOXA2 and global O-GlcNAcylation level was observed in HCC cells, and higher FOXA2 levels indicated lower levels of DOX-induced apoptosis. Subsequently, we demonstrated that FOXA2 is a direct transcriptional activator of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) rate-limiting enzyme GFPT1. The upregulation of FOXA2 expression induced the synthesis of intracellular UDP-GlcNAc, which is the sugar substrate of O-GlcNAcylation produced by the HBP. The flux through the HBP elevated the global O-GlcNAcylation level and led to the activation of survival signaling pathways in HCC cells. Furthermore, GFPT1 was proved to be an important downstream regulator of FOXA2-mediated apoptotic suppression. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanism by which FOXA2 inhibits DOX-induced HCC cell apoptosis and suggest that targeting FOXA2 might offer a new strategy for HCC treatment.

O-GlcNAcylation promotes the migratory ability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via regulating FOXA2 stability and transcriptional activity.

O-GlcNAcylation is a posttranslational modification that regulates numerous nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and is emerging as a key regulator of various biological processes, such as transcription, signal transduction, and cell motility. Although increasing evidence has shown that elevated levels of global O-GlcNAcylation are linked to the metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, the underlying mechanism is still ambiguous. In this study, we demonstrated that forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2), an essential transcription factor for liver homeostasis and HCC developing, was O-GlcNAcylated by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and regulates HCC cells migration and invasion. Opposite FOXA2 and OGT expression tendency were observed in HCC tissues, and lower FOXA2 levels predicted a poor prognosis in HCC patients. The reduction of FOXA2 in HCC cells was found to be inversely correlated with the cellular O-GlcNAcylation and cell migratory ability. Notably, we found that FOXA2 was modified by O-GlcNAcylation and that O-GlcNAcylation activated the ubiquitination degradation of FOXA2 in highly metastatic HCC cells. Although this modification did not affect FOXA2 nuclear localization capability, O-GlcNAcylation on FOXA2 was key for attenuating FOXA2-mediated transcription. O-GlcNAcylation decreased the transcription of FOXA2 downstream target gene E-cadherin and it ultimately promoted O-GlcNAcylation-mediated HCC cell migration and invasion. The results provide insights into the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating FOXA2 activity and suggest its important implications in HCC metastasis.

ppGalNAc-T4-catalyzed O-Glycosylation of TGF-ß type â ¡ receptor regulates breast cancer cells metastasis potential.

GalNAc-type O-glycosylation, initially catalyzed by polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAc-Ts), is one of the most abundant and complex posttranslational modifications of proteins. Emerging evidence has proven that aberrant ppGalNAc-Ts are involved in malignant tumor transformation. However, the exact molecular functions of ppGalNAc-Ts are still unclear. Here, the role of one isoform, ppGalNAc-T4, in breast cancer cell lines was investigated. The expression of ppGalNAc-T4 was found to be negatively associated with migration of breast cancer cells. Loss-of-function studies revealed that ppGalNAc-T4 attenuated the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Correspondingly, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) signaling, which is the upstream pathway of EMT, was impaired by ppGalNAc-T4 expression. ppGalNAc-T4 knockout decreased O-GalNAc modification of TGF-ß type Ⅰ and Ⅱ receptor (TßR Ⅰ and Ⅱ) and led to the elevation of TGF-ß receptor dimerization and activity. Importantly, a peptide from TßR Ⅱ was identified as a naked peptide substrate of ppGalNAc-T4 with a higher affinity than ppGalNAc-T2. Further, Ser31, corresponding to the extracellular domain of TßR Ⅱ, was identified as the O-GalNAcylation site upon in vitro glycosylation by ppGalNAc-T4. The O-GalNAc-deficient S31 A mutation enhanced TGF-ß signaling activity and EMT in breast cancer cells. Together, these results identified a novel mechanism of ppGalNAc-T4-catalyzed TGF-ß receptors O-GalNAcylation that suppresses breast cancer cell migration and invasion via the EMT process. Targeting ppGalNAc-T4 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment.

Reduced expression of ppGalNAc-T4 promotes proliferation of human breast cancer cells.

Breast cancer, one of the most frequently diagnosed and aggressive malignancies, is the major cause of cancer-related death greatly threatening women health. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 4 (ppGalNAc-T4), responsible for the initial step of mucin-type O-glycosylation, has been reported to be implicated in diverse types of human tumors. However, the biological role of ppGalNAc-T4 in breast cancer is still undetermined. In this study, we investigate the effects and mechanism of ppGalNAc-T4 to breast cancer cell proliferation. From analysis of high throughput RNA sequencing datasets of Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress, a positive correlation between ppGalNAc-T4 and the recurrence-free survival was observed in multigroup of human breast cancer datasets. Moreover, transcriptomes analysis using RNA-sequencing in MCF7 cells revealed that cell cycle-related genes induced the effects of ppGalNAc-T4 on breast cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, investigations showed that ppGalNAc-T4 impaired cell proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cells. Furthermore, our results suggested that the ppGalNAc-T4 knockout activated Notch signaling pathway and enhanced cell proliferation. Collectively, our data indicated that ppGalNAc-T4 affected the proliferation of human breast cancer cells, which appears to be a novel target for understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of breast cancer.

Caveolin-1 upregulates Fut8 expression by activating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway to enhance HCC cell proliferative and invasive ability.

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a critical structural protein of caveolae, plays an oncogenic role by participating in abnormal protein glycosylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism by which Cav-1 regulates glycosylation and glycosyltransferase expression has yet to be fully defined. Here, we show that Cav-1 promotes the expression of α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8), which catalyzes the transfer of GDP-fucose to the core structure of the N-sugar chain. In this study, we show that the mouse HCC cell line, Hepa1-6, which has low Fut8 transcriptional and protein levels, also lacks Cav-1 expression, whereas the mouse HCC cell line, Hca-F, has strong Fut8 expression and high transcriptional and protein levels of Cav-1. Subsequently, Cav-1 overexpression in Hepa1-6 was found to activate Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, which leads to downstream binding of the T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor to the Fut8 promoter region for activation of its transcription. In contrast, knockdown of Cav-1 expression in Hca-F caused the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway to be significantly inhibited, which attenuates the expression of Fut8. We further show that Cav-1-induced upregulation of Fut8 expression enhanced proliferation and invasion by mouse HCC cells in vitro. Our current findings provide molecular evidence that Cav-1 plays an important role in regulating glycosyltransferase expression and may participate in abnormal glycosylation, which mediates the proliferation and invasion of HCC.

Caveolin-1 promotes Rfng expression via Erk-Jnk-p38 signaling pathway in mouse hepatocarcinoma cells.

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a critical structural protein of caveolae and plays an oncogene-like role by participating in abnormal protein glycosylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism by which Cav-1 regulates glycosylation and glycosyltransferase expression has not been completely defined. Here, we show that Cav-1 promotes the expression of Rfng, which is a ß-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase included in the Fringe family. In this study, we showed that the mouse HCC cell line, Hepa1-6, with low Rfng transcription and protein levels, lacked Cav-1 expression, whereas strong Rfng expression was found in the mouse HCC cell line Hca-F, with high transcription and protein levels for Cav-1. Subsequently Cav-1 overexpression in Hepa1-6 was found to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and induce phosphorylation of the transcription factors Hnf4a and Sp1, which bind to the Rfng promoter region to promote its transcription. On the contrary, when knocking down Cav-1 expression in Hca-F, the activity of the MAPK pathway was significantly inhibited, and phosphorylation of Hnf4a, Sp1 and the expression of Rfng were attenuated. These data reveal that Cav-1 promotes phosphorylation of transcription factors Hnf4a and Sp1, which bind to the Rfng promoter region, via the MAPK signaling pathway, to induce the transcription of Rfng. Our current findings provide molecular genetic evidence that Cav-1 plays an important role in regulating glycosyltransferase expression and may participate in the abnormal glycosylation that mediates the invasion and metastasis of HCC.

Author Correction: Caveolin-1 promotes invasion and metastasis by upregulating Pofut1 expression in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma.

Since publication of this paper, the authors have noticed an error in one of the images. In Fig. 2c, the graphs of c-Myc and CREB are incorrect. During image synthesis, these two images were confused with other images from the raw data. The error does not impact the conclusions of the article. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused.This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Caveolin-1 promotes invasion and metastasis by upregulating Pofut1 expression in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma.

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an important structural protein of caveolae and plays an oncogene-like role by influencing protein glycosylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, the mechanism by which Cav-1 promotes invasion and metastasis capacity has not been completely clarified. In this study, we demonstrate that Pofut1 is a fucosyltransferase induced by Cav-1. Mouse Hepa1-6 HCC cells lacking Cav-1 expression exhibited low transcription levels of Pofut1, whereas strong Pofut1 expression was found in high-metastasis-potential Hca-F cells with high levels of Cav-1. Cav-1 activated MAPK signaling and promoted phosphorylation of the transcription factors CREB, Sp1, HNF4A and c-Myc, which bound to the Pofut1 promoter region to induce its transcription. As Notch signaling receptors can be modified with O-fucose by Pofut1, we further showed that Cav-1-induced upregulation of Pofut1 expression activated the Notch pathway and thus enhanced invasion and metastasis by mouse HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which Cav-1 promotes tumor metastasis by upregulating expression of Pofut1, suggesting that Cav-1 may function as a new biomarker for HCC.

Elevation of O-GlcNAc and GFAT expression by nicotine exposure promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in breast cancer cells.

Cigarette smoking has been shown to be a carcinogenic factor in breast cancer. Nicotine (Nic), an active component of tobacco, has been found to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. However, the alterations in protein O-GlcNAcylation in Nic-mediated tumorigenesis and malignization mechanisms are less well studied. Herein, we found that cellular O-GlcNAcylation dramatically increased in human breast cancer cells with EMT activation induced by Nic. Elevated O-GlcNAcylation subsequently promoted Nic-induced EMT activation and increased cell migratory abbility. In addition, we demonstrated that a differentiation factor for the mammary epithelium, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein B (CEBPB), was involved in Nic-induced hyper-O-GlcNAcylation via transcriptional regulation of the expression of the key enzyme glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) and thus increased the flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Finally, elevated O-GlcNAcylation of the transcriptional repressor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) suppressed its heterodimerization with CEBPB and facilitated the DNA-binding activity of CEBPB, further generating positive feedback that enhanced EMT upon Nic stimulation. In conclusion, our results have revealed a new regulatory mechanism involving CEBPB/GFAT-induced hyper-O-GlcNAcylation that plays a key role in EMT and smoking-mediated breast cancer progression.

Resistance to bortezomib in breast cancer cells that downregulate Bim through FOXA1 O-GlcNAcylation.

Bortezomib (BTZ), a well-established proteasome inhibitor used in the clinical therapy, leads the modulation of several biological alterations and in turn induces apoptosis. Although clinical trials with BTZ have shown promising results for some types of cancers, but not for some others, including those of the breast. The molecular basis of BTZ resistance in breast cancer remains elusive. In the present study, we found that cellular O-GlcNAc modification was dramatically elevated by BTZ treatment in intrinsic resistant MCF-7 and T47D cells, but not in sensitive MDA-MB-231 cells. A progressive increase in O-GlcNAcylation characterized the increased acquired resistance of MDA-MB-231-derived cells. We showed that elevated O-GlcNAc subsequently modified breast cancer related pioneer factor FOXA1 and reduced its protein stability. Further, we demonstrated that FOXA1 attenuation was involved in transcriptional downregulation of proapoptotic Bim and thus suppressed breast cancer cell apoptosis. Finally, the combination of O-GlcNAc inhibitor L01 to BTZ sensitized resistant cells. Our results have revealed a new regulatory mechanism that involves O-GlcNAc elevation mediated Bim deficiency, which plays a key role in the apoptotic dysregulation and BTZ resistance in breast cancer cells.

O-GlcNAc elevation through activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway enhances cancer cell chemoresistance.

Chemoresistance has become a major obstacle to the success of cancer therapy, but the mechanisms underlying chemoresistance are not yet fully understood. O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification that is regulated by the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and has an important role in a wide range of cellular functions. Here we assessed the role of O-GlcNAcylation in chemoresistance and investigated the underlying cellular mechanisms. The results showed that the HBP has an important role in cancer cell chemoresistance by regulating O-GlcNAcylation. An increase in the levels of O-GlcNAcylation indicates an increased resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Acute treatment with doxorubicin (DOX) or camptothecin (CPT) induced O-GlcNAcylation through HBP activation. In fact, the chemotherapy agents activated the AKT/X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) axis and then induced the HBP. Furthermore, the observed elevation of cellular O-GlcNAcylation led to activation of survival signalling pathways and chemoresistance in cancer cells. Finally, suppression of O-GlcNAcylation reduced the resistance of both established and primary cancer cells to chemotherapy. These results provide significant novel insights regarding the important role of the HBP and O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cancer chemoresistance. Thus, O-GlcNAc inhibition might offer a new strategy for improving the efficacy of chemotherapy.

SHP2, SOCS3 and PIAS3 Expression Patterns in Medulloblastomas: Relevance to STAT3 Activation and Resveratrol-Suppressed STAT3 Signaling.

BACKGROUND: Activated STAT3 signaling is critical for human medulloblastoma cells. SHP2, SOCS3 and PIAS3 are known as the negative regulators of STAT3 signaling, while their relevance to frequent STAT3 activation in medulloblastomas remains unknown. METHODS: Tissue microarrays were constructed with 17 tumor-surrounding noncancerous brain tissues and 61 cases of the classic medulloblastomas, 44 the large-cell medulloblastomas, and 15 nodular medulloblastomas, which were used for immunohistochemical profiling of STAT3, SHP2, SOCS3 and PIAS3 expression patterns and the frequencies of STAT3 nuclear translocation. Three human medulloblastoma cell lines (Daoy, UW228-2 and UW228-3) were cultured with and without 100 µM resveratrol supplementation. The influences of resveratrol in SHP2, SOCS3 and PIAS3 expression and SOCS3 knockdown in STAT3 activation were analyzed using multiple experimental approaches. RESULTS: SHP2, SOCS3 and PIAS3 levels are reduced in medulloblastomas in vivo and in vitro, of which PIAS3 downregulation is more reversely correlated with STAT3 activation. In resveratrol-suppressed medulloblastoma cells with STAT3 downregulation and decreased incidence of STAT3 nuclear translocation, PIAS3 is upregulated, the SHP2 level remains unchanged and SOCS3 is downregulated. SOCS3 proteins are accumulated in the distal ends of axon-like processes of resveratrol-differentiated medulloblastoma cells. Knockdown of SOCS3 expression by siRNA neither influences cell proliferation nor STAT3 activation or resveratrol sensitivity but inhibits resveratrol-induced axon-like process formation. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that (1) the overall reduction of SHP2, SOCS3 and PIAS3 in medulloblastoma tissues and cell lines; (2) the more inverse relevance of PIAS3 expression with STAT3 activation; (3) the favorable prognostic values of PIAS3 for medulloblastomas and (4) the involvement of SOCS3 in resveratrol-promoted axon regeneration of medulloblastoma cells.