ABSTRACT
The complex interactions among different immune cells have important functions in the development of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Here we perform single-cell RNA sequencing on 62,382 cells from MPE patients induced by non-small cell lung cancer to describe the composition, lineage, and functional states of infiltrating immune cells in MPE. Immune cells in MPE display a number of transcriptional signatures enriched for regulatory T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells compared to corresponding counterparts in blood. Helper T, cytotoxic T, regulatory T, and T follicular helper cells express multiple immune checkpoints or costimulatory molecules. Cell-cell interaction analysis identifies regulatory B cells with more interactions with CD4+ T cells compared to CD8+ T cells. Macrophages are transcriptionally heterogeneous and conform to M2 polarization characteristics. In addition, immune cells in MPE show the general up-regulation of glycolytic pathways associated with the hypoxic microenvironment. These findings show a detailed atlas of immune cells in human MPE and enhance the understanding of potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology , Immunophenotyping/methods , Pleural Effusion, Malignant/immunology , RNA-Seq/methods , Single-Cell Analysis/methods , Aged , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/complications , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology , Female , Humans , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Lung Neoplasms/complications , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/immunology , Macrophages/classification , Macrophages/immunology , Macrophages/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Pleural Effusion, Malignant/complications , Pleural Effusion, Malignant/genetics , T-Lymphocytes/classification , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Tumor Microenvironment/genetics , Tumor Microenvironment/immunologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects and mechanisms of Pongamia pinnata root flavonoids (PRF) on the experimental gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid and to study the mechanism of PRF on the quality of ulcer healing. METHODS: The models were established by acetic acid erosion, the quality of ulcer healing of PRF on the model of gastric ulcer were observed. The contents of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay. The expression of EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) were detected by immunohistochemistry (SP). RESULTS: PRF significantly inhibited ulcerative formation induced by acetic acid (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). PRF could significantly increase the EGF and TGF-alpha (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) expression of para-ulcer mucosa tissue and improve the EGF contents in blood serum (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: PRF increases the contents of EGF in serum and the expression of EGF and TGF-alpha in the tissue around gastric ulcer which might be one of possible mechanisms that PRF improves quality of ulcer healing.
