ABSTRACT
Objective@#To make a quantitative evaluation on the short term effect of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter no more than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on cumulative excess mortality rate (CER) and years of life lost (YLL) in residents in Changping district of Beijing.@*Methods@#The death data in local residents, daily mortality, meteorology data and air pollution data (PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 concentrations) in Changping from 2014 to 2017 were collected. Distributed lag non-linear model was used to assess the age and gender specific cumulative lag effects of PM2.5 on cardiovascular CER and daily YLL in Changping.@*Results@#The effects of PM2.5 on cardiovascular CER and YLL were obvious on lag 7 days and lag 9 days, respectively, peaking on day 14, and lasting for 21 days. On lag0-21 days, for a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, the population based CER of cardiovascular disease death was 0.021% (95%CI: 0.004%-0.038%), and the YLL was 1.47 (95%CI: 0.23-2.70) years. Greater PM2.5 effect were observed in males and the elderly.@*Conclusion@#PM2.5 increased the risk of cardiovascular disease death and YLL.
ABSTRACT
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4) plays an important role in downregulating T cell activation and proliferation. The CTLA-4 + 49G > A polymorphism is one of the most commonly studied polymorphisms in this gene due to its association with many cancer types, but the association between CTLA-4 + 49G > A polymorphism and digestive system cancer risks remain inconclusive. An updated meta-analysis based on 17 independent case-control studies consisting of 5176 cancer patients and 6747 controls was performed to address this association. Overall, there was no statistically increased risk of digestive system cancers in every genetic comparison. In subgroup analysis, this polymorphism was significantly linked to higher risks for pancreatic cancer (GG vs. AA, OR = 1.976, 95% CI = 1.496-2.611; GA vs. AA, OR = 1.433, 95% CI = 1.093-1.879; GG/GA vs. AA, OR = 1.668, 95% CI = 1.286-2.164; GG vs. GA/AA, OR = 1.502, 95% CI = 1.098-2.054; G vs. A, OR = 1.394, 95% CI = 1.098-1.770). We also observed increased susceptibility of hepatocellular cell carcinoma in homozygote comparison (OR = 1.433, 95% CI = 1.100-1.866) and dominant model (OR = 1.360, 95% CI = 1.059-1.746). According to the source of controls, significant effects were only observed in hospital-based studies (GA/AA vs. GG, OR = 1.257, 95% CI = 1.129-1.399). In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, no significantly increased risks were found in either Asian or Caucasian. Our findings suggest that the CTLA-4 + 49G > A polymorphism may be associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular cell carcinoma.
