ABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in plasma and urine in the horse (n = 7) after intravenous administration of a dose of 4 mg/kg b.w. Plasma tobramycin concentrations were assayed microbiologically and by means of HPLC analyses. Pharmacokinetic parameters, calculated on the basis of concentrations determined with the microbiological assay were not statistically different from those obtained when data from HPLC analysis were used, but the microbiological assay was more sensitive in the detection of low plasma and urine values. The values of the total body clearance (Cl(B)) were 101.4 +/- 30.1 and 130.0 +/- 49.9 mL/kg/h, respectively. The overall extraction ratio was 2.9%. The determined capacity of elimination of tobramycin in horses was similar to those for other aminoglycosides. Within 24 h after treatment, 57.6 +/- 12.2% of injected antibiotic was excreted in the urine.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Horses/metabolism , Tobramycin/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/blood , Anti-Bacterial Agents/urine , Area Under Curve , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Female , Injections, Intravenous/veterinary , Male , Tobramycin/administration & dosage , Tobramycin/blood , Tobramycin/urineABSTRACT
Pathomorphological investigations of internal organs were made in sheep given sublethal doses of cadmium. Early histological damages in kidneys were established by renal biopsy in some experimental animals. The main histological changes were characterized by granular degeneration in proximal tubules and glomerular endothelial proliferation in kidneys, granular degeneration in hepatocytes, pericapillary oedema and activation of capillary endothelium and Kupffer cells in liver, oedematous and degenerative changes in cerebrum and in the region of Purkinje cells of cerebellum, hyperplasia and proliferation of alveolar epithelium and perivascular or peribronchial mononuclear cell infiltration in lung, and degenerative changes in the medulla and zona glomerulosa of adrenal glands.
Subject(s)
Cadmium Poisoning/pathology , Cadmium/toxicity , Sheep , Adrenal Glands/drug effects , Adrenal Glands/pathology , Animals , Cerebellum/drug effects , Cerebellum/pathology , Hepatocytes/drug effects , Hepatocytes/pathology , Kidney Glomerulus/drug effects , Kidney Glomerulus/pathology , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology , Kupffer Cells/drug effects , Kupffer Cells/pathology , Liver/drug effects , Liver/pathology , Lung/drug effects , Lung/pathologyABSTRACT
The blood gas and acid-base effects of epidural xylazine were studied in rams. Xylazine at a dose of 0.4 mg kg-1 led to a metabolic alkalosis with a significant increase of pH, plasma bicarbonate and base excess and respiratory depression. Epidural administration of xylazine provided prolonged and very effective analgesia during abdominal and hindlimb surgery in rams.
