ABSTRACT
Synthesis of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) involves conjugation of an E3 ligase binding ligand to a ligand targeting a protein of interest via a rigid or flexible chemical linker. The choice of linker conjugation site on these ligands can be informed by structural analysis of ligand-target binding modes, the feasibility of synthetic procedures to access specific sites, and computational modeling of predicted ternary complex formations. Small molecules that target bromodomains - epigenetic readers of lysine acetylation - typically offer several potential options for linker conjugation sites. Here we describe how varying the linker attachment site (exit vector) on a CBP/p300 bromodomain ligand along with linker length affects PROTAC degradation activity and ternary complex formation. Using kinetic live cell assays of endogenous CBP and p300 protein abundance and bead-based proximity assays for ternary complexes, we describe the structure-activity relationships of a diverse library of CBP/p300 degraders (dCBPs).
Subject(s)
Proteins , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases , Ligands , Protein Domains , Protein Binding , Structure-Activity Relationship , ProteolysisABSTRACT
A major objective of nanomedicine is to combine in a controlled manner multiple functional entities into a single nanoscale device to target particles with great spatial precision, thereby increasing the selectivity and potency of therapeutic drugs. A multifunctional nanoparticle is described for controlled conjugation of a cytotoxic drug, a cancer cell targeting ligand, and an imaging moiety. The approach is based on the chemical synthesis of polyethylene glycol that at one end is modified by a thioctic acid for controlled attachment to a gold core. The other end of the PEG polymers is modified by a hydrazine, amine, or dibenzocyclooctynol moiety for conjugation with functional entities having a ketone, activated ester, or azide moiety, respectively. The conjugation approach allowed the controlled attachment of doxorubicin through an acid-labile hydrazone linkage, an Alexa Fluor dye through an amide bond, and a glycan-based ligand for the cell surface receptor CD22 of B-cells using strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The incorporation of the ligand for CD22 led to rapid entry of the nanoparticle by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Covalent attachment of doxorubicin via hydrazone linkage caused pH-responsive intracellular release of doxorubicin and significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. A remarkable 60-fold enhancement in cytotoxicity of CD22 (+) lymphoma cells was observed compared to non- targeted nanoparticles.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Doxorubicin/chemistry , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Gold/chemistry , Lymphoma, B-Cell/chemistry , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Polymers/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cyclooctanes/chemistry , Cyclooctanes/metabolism , Doxorubicin/pharmacology , Drug Carriers , Endocytosis , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolismABSTRACT
Strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of cyclooctynes with 1,3-dipoles such as azides, nitrones, and nitrile oxides, are of interest for the functionalization of polymers. In this study, we have explored the use of a 4-dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO)-containing chain transfer agent in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerizations. The controlled radical polymerization resulted in well-defined DIBO-terminating polymers that could be modified by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions using nitrones, nitrile oxides, and azides having a hydrophilic moiety. The self-assembly properties of the resulting block copolymers have been examined. The versatility of the methodology was further demonstrated by the controlled preparation of gold nanoparticles coated with the DIBO-containing polymers to produce materials that can be further modified by strain-promoted cycloadditions.
Subject(s)
Click Chemistry/methods , Cycloaddition Reaction/methods , Polymers/chemistry , Cyclization , PolymerizationABSTRACT
This paper accounts for novel, low-cost, eco-friendly route for rapid biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles. Cysteine proteases present in the latex of Calotropis procera L. were used to fabricate copper nanoparticles from copper acetate. Copper nanoparticles were initially characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to estimate the size and shape of nanoparticles. The average size of copper nanoparticles was found to be 15 ± 1.7 nm. Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) showed distinct peaks of copper. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to confirm capping behavior of the latex proteins that contributed to long term stability of copper nanoparticles (6 months) in aqueous medium. Copper nanoparticles synthesized by above method were monodisperse type. Cytotoxicity studies of latex stabilized copper nanoparticles were carried out on HeLa, A549 and BHK21 cell lines by MTT dye conversion assay. HeLa, A549 and BHK21 cells showed excellent viability even at 120 µM concentration of copper nanoparticles. This shows that copper nanoparticles synthesized by above method hold excellent biocompatibility.
