Subject(s)
Carbon/metabolism , Mammals/metabolism , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Nanotechnology/methods , Plants/metabolism , Animals , HT29 Cells , Humans , Microscopy, ConfocalABSTRACT
A practical method to assemble rodlike tobacco mosaic virus and bateriophage M13 with polymers was developed, which afforded a 3D core-shell composite with morphological control.
Subject(s)
Bacteriophage M13/chemistry , Nanostructures/chemistry , Nanostructures/ultrastructure , Nanotechnology/methods , Polyvinyls/chemistry , Tobacco Mosaic Virus/chemistry , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Surface Properties , Nicotiana/virologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Tubular shaped mammalian cells in response to dehydration have not been previously reported. This may be due to the invisibility of these cells in aqueous solution, and because sugars and salts added to the cell culture for manipulation of the osmotic conditions inhibit transformation of normal cells into tubular shaped structures. RESULTS: We report the transformation of normal spherical mammalian cells into tubular shaped structures in response to stress. We have termed these transformed structures 'straw cells' which we have associated with a variety of human tissue types, including fresh, post mortem and frozen lung, liver, skin, and heart. We have also documented the presence of straw cells in bovine brain and prostate tissues of mice. The number of straw cells in heart, lung tissues, and collapsed straw cells in urine increases with the age of the mammal. Straw cells were also reproduced in vitro from human cancer cells (THP1, CACO2, and MCF7) and mouse stem cells (D1 and adipose D1) by dehydrating cultured cells. The tubular center of the straw cells is much smaller than the original cell; houses condensed organelles and have filamentous extensions that are covered with microscopic hair-like structures and circular openings. When rehydrated, the filaments uptake water rapidly. The straw cell walls, have a range of 120 nm to 200 nm and are composed of sulfated-glucose polymers and glycosylated acidic proteins. The transformation from normal cell to straw cells takes 5 to 8 hr in open-air. This process is characterized by an increase in metabolic activity. When rehydrated, the straw cells regain their normal spherical shape and begin to divide in 10 to 15 days. Like various types of microbial spores, straw cells are resistant to harsh environmental conditions such as UV-C radiation. CONCLUSION: Straw cells are specialized cellular structures and not artifacts from spontaneous polymerization, which are generated in response to stress conditions, like dehydration. The disintegrative, mobile, disruptive and ubiquitous nature of straw cells makes this a possible physiological process that may be involved in human health, longevity, and various types of diseases such as cancer.
Subject(s)
Cell Shape , Stress, Physiological/pathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animals , Carbohydrates/analysis , Cattle , Cell Survival , Cells, Cultured , Child , Child, Preschool , Dehydration/pathology , Humans , Mice , Middle Aged , Models, Biological , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Staining and Labeling , Stress, Physiological/urineABSTRACT
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), being hydrophobic by nature, aggregate in water to form large bundles. However, isolated SWNTs possess unique physical and chemical properties that are desirable for sensing and biological applications. Conventionally isolated SWNTs can be obtained by wrapping the tubes with biopolymers or surfactants. The binding modes proposed for these solubilization schemes, however, are less than comprehensive. Here we characterize the efficacies of solubilizing SWNTs through various types of phospholipids and other amphiphilic surfactants. Specifically, we demonstrate that lysophospholipids, or single-chained phospholipids offer unprecedented solubility for SWNTs, while double-chained phospholipids are ineffective in rendering SWNTs soluble. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we show that lysophospholipids wrap SWNTs as striations whose size and regularity are affected by the polarity of the lysophospholipids. We further show that wrapping is only observed when SWNTs are in the lipid phase and not the vacuum phase, suggesting that the environment has a pertinent role in the binding process. Our findings shed light on the debate over the binding mechanism of amphiphilic polymers and cylindrical nanostructures and have implications on the design of novel supramolecular complexes and nanodevices.
Subject(s)
Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry , Phospholipids/chemistry , Binding Sites , Molecular Structure , Particle Size , Solubility , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) represent a still largely unexplored carbon allotrope. Promising properties of these unique carbon structures are driving the research efforts in this area, but many technical problems remain in their preparation, derivatization, separation and characterization. In this article, we report the preparation, partial purification, and multiple functionalization and solubilization of CNOs. With only one priorly published short communication describing CNO functionalization, the present work is the most comprehensive description of CNO functionalization and characterization to date.
