Prevalencia y severidad del síndrome hepatopulmonar en pacientes con cirrosis hepática del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, entre enero y diciembre del 2015 / Prevalence and severity of the hepatopulmonar syndrome in patients with liver cirrhosis attended at Cayetano Heredia Hospital, between January and December 2015

Introducción: El sindrome hepatopulmonar (SHP) es una complicación poco frecuente de la cirrosis hepática (CH) que disminuye considerablemente la calidad de vida de las personas que la padecen. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y severidad del SHP en los pacientes con CH atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HCH) en el periodo comprendido entre enero a diciembre del 2015. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, con tamaño de muestra necesario para determinar la prevalencia puntual calculado en 297 pacientes. Resultados: La prevalencia del SHP fue de 0,7% y los casos identificados se clasificaron como SHP leve y severo. Conclusión: La prevalencia del SHP es muy baja en la población de pacientes con cirrosis hepática atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia

Introduction: The hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare complication of liver cirrhosis (LC) which significantly diminishes the quality of life for people who suffer. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and severity of HPS in patients with CH treated at the Cayetano Heredia (HCH) Hospital in the period from January to December 2015. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with sample size needed to determine the point prevalence calculated in 297 patients. Results: The prevalence of HPS in 0.7% and the identified cases were classified as mild and severe SHP. Conclusion: The prevalence of HPS is very low in the population of patients with liver cirrhosis treated at the Cayetano Heredia Hospital

Porfiria cutánea tarda como manifestación extrahepática de hepatitis C crónica: reporte de un caso / Porphyria cutanea tarda as extrahepatic manifestation of chronic hepatitis C: a case report

Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 56 años quien es evaluado por presentar a nivel del dorso de ambas manos cicatrices hiperpigmentadas e hipopigmentadas, asociadas a quistes de milia. Se le realizó estudios del metabolismo de las porfirinas y biopsia cutánea de las lesiones los cuales resultaron compatibles con porfiria cutánea tarda. En el laboratorio inicial se encontró elevación de los valores de transaminasas, identificándose posteriormente infección crónica por virus de hepatitis C. Con la finalidad de tratar la infección viral y resolver el compromiso dérmico, considerado como manifestación extrahepática del virus hepatitis C, se inició tratamiento con interferón pegilado y ribavirina evolucionando favorablemente con respuesta viral rápida, carga viral no detectable hasta la actualidad (36 semanas de tratamiento), disminución del nivel de transaminasas séricas y mejoría de las lesiones dérmicas.

The present case is a 56 year old male who present hyperpigmented and hypopigmented scars in both hands, associated with the presence of milia cysts. It was studied the metabolism of porphyrins and skin biopsy of the lesions which were compatible with porphyria cutanea tarda. In the initial laboratory, elevated transaminases values were found and subsequently identified chronic infection of hepatitis C virus. In order to treat viral infection and resolve the dermal commitment; considered extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C virus, treatment was started with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, with favorably development and rapid viral response, with undetectable viral load until now (24 weeks of treatment), decreased level of serum transaminases and improvement of skin lesions.

[Prevalence and severity of the hepatopulmonar syndrome in patients with liver cirrhosis attended at Cayetano Heredia Hospital, between January and December 2015]. / Prevalencia y severidad del síndrome hepatopulmonar en pacientes concirrosis hepática del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, entre enero y diciembre del 2015.

INTRODUCTION: The hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare complication of liver cirrhosis (LC) which significantly diminishes the quality of life for people who suffer. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and severity of HPS in patients with CH treated at the Cayetano Heredia (HCH) Hospital in the period from January to December 2015. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study with sample size needed to determine the point prevalence calculated in 297 patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of HPS in 0.7% and the identified cases were classified as mild and severe SHP. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HPS is very low in the population of patients with liver cirrhosis treated at the Cayetano Heredia Hospital.

[Porphyria cutanea tarda as extrahepatic manifestation of chronic hepatitis C: a case report]. / Porfiria cutánea tarda como manifestación extrahepática de hepatitis Ccrónica: reporte de un caso.

The present case is a 56 year old male who present hyperpigmented and hypopigmented scars in both hands, associated with the presence of milia cysts. It was studied the metabolism of porphyrins and skin biopsy of the lesions which were compatible with porphyria cutanea tarda. In the initial laboratory, elevated transaminases values were found and subsequently identified chronic infection of hepatitis C virus. In order to treat viral infection and resolve the dermal commitment; considered extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C virus, treatment was started with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, with favorably development and rapid viral response, with undetectable viral load until now (24 weeks of treatment), decreased level of serum transaminases and improvement of skin lesions.

[Comparison between Glascow-Blatchford, Rockall and AIMS65 scores in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in Lima, Peru]. / Comparación de los scores Glasgow-Blatchford, Rockall y AIMS65 en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima, Perú.

OBJECTIVE: Identify the best score that predicts each variable outcome (mortality, rebleeding and need for transfusion for more than 2 red blood cells pack) in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding until 30 days of the event. Material y methods: Patients included were those over 18 years, who had upper gastrointestinal bleeding between January 2014 to June 2015 in a general hospital of third level. The data was analyzed by the area under the curve ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). RESULTS: In total, there were 231 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 154 (66.7%) cases were male, the average age was 57.8 ± 20.02 years, the most common cause of bleeding was peptic ulcer: 111 (48.1%) cases, the mortality rate and rebleeding was 7.8% and 3.9% respectively. 5 patients were excluded from the analysis because they do not count with endoscopy study, the analysis was performed in 226 rest. In the evaluation of mortality, it was found an area under the curve ROC for Glasgow-Blatchford: 0.73, Rockall score: 0.86 and AIMS65 score: 0.90 (p<0.05) to predict rebleeding the Glasgow-Blatchford score: 0.73 Rockall score: 0.66 and AIMS65 score: 0.64 (p=0.41) and transfusion requirements of more than 2 globular packages the Glasgow-Blatchford score: 0.72, Rockall score: 0.67 and AIMS65 score: 0.77 (p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: AIMS65 score is a good predictor of mortality and is useful in predicting the need for more than 2 transfusions of red blood cells pack compared to score Glasgow-Blatchford and Rockall score.

Comparación de los scores Glasgow-Blatchford, Rockall y AIMS65 en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima, Perú / Comparison between Glascow-Blatchford, Rockall and AIMS65 scores in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in Lima, Peru

Identificar el mejor score que predice cada variable resultado (mortalidad, resangrado y necesidad de transfusión de más de 2 paquetes globulares) en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta hasta los 30 días del evento. Material y métodos: Los pacientes incluidos fueron aquellos mayores de 18 años que presentaron hemorragia digestiva alta entre enero 2014 y junio 2015 en un hospital general de tercer nivel. Los datos se analizaron mediante el área bajo la curva de ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Resultados: En total fueron 231 casos de hemorragia digestiva alta, de los cuales 154 (66,7%) casos fueron varones, la edad promedio fue de 57,8 +/- 20,02 años, la causa más frecuente de sangrado fue úlcera péptica: 111 (48.1%) casos, la tasa de mortalidad y de resangrado fue de 7,8% y 3,9% respectivamente. Se debió excluir del análisis a 5 pacientes porque no contaban con estudio endoscópico, entre los 226 restantes se realizó el análisis, al evaluar mortalidad se encontró un área bajo la curva ROC para el score Glasgow- Blatchford: 0,73, score Rockall: 0,86 y el score AIMS65: 0,90 (p<0,05), para predecir resangrado el score Glasgow- Blatchford: 0,73, score Rockall: 0,66 y el score AIMS65: 0,64 (p=0,41) y necesidad de transfusión de más de 2 paquetes globulares el score Glasgow- Blatchford: 0,72, score Rockall: 0,67 y el score AIMS65: 0,77 (p=0,09). Conclusiones: El score AIMS65 es un buen predictor de mortalidad y es útil para predecir la necesidad de transfusión de más de 2 paquetes globulares en comparación al score Glasgow-Blatchford y el score Rockall...

Identify the best score that predicts each variable outcome (mortality, rebleeding and need for transfusion for more than 2 red blood cells pack) in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding until 30 days of the event. Material y methods: Patients included were those over 18 years, who had upper gastrointestinal bleeding between January 2014 to June 2015 in a general hospital of third level. The data was analyzed by the area under the curve ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Results: In total, there were 231 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 154 (66.7%) cases were male, the average age was 57.8 +/- 20.02 years, the most common cause of bleeding was peptic ulcer: 111 (48.1%) cases, the mortality rate and rebleeding was 7.8% and 3.9% respectively. 5 patients were excluded from the analysis because they do not count with endoscopy study, the analysis was performed in 226 rest. In the evaluation of mortality, it was found an area under the curve ROC for Glasgow Blatch ford: 0.73, Rockall score: 0.86 and AIMS65 score: 0.90 (p<0.05) to predict rebleeding the Glasgow-Blatchford score: 0.73 Rockall score: 0.66 and AIMS65 score: 0.64 (p=0.41) and transfusion requirements of more than 2 globular packages the Glasgow-Blatchford score: 0.72, Rockall score: 0.67 and AIMS65 score: 0.77 (p=0.09). Conclusions: AIMS65 score is a good predictor of mortality and is useful in predicting the need for more than 2 transfusions of red blood cells pack compared to score Glasgow- Blatchford and Rockall score...

[Recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori infection two years after successful eradication in Peruvian patients presenting with postprandial distress syndrome]. / Recurrencia de la infeccióngástrica con Helicobacter pylori en adultos peruanos con distrés postprandial dos años después de la erradicaciónexitosa.

INTRODUCTION: The general reported recurrence rate of H. pylori infection in Peru is high, implying that the long term effectiveness of anti H. pylori therapy is lower than expected. This would lead to an increase in the prevalence of gastric cancer and other associated pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study including Peruvian patients with postprandial distress and H. pylori infection confirmed by gastric biopsy who recieved treatment and achieved bacterial eradication. Two years after the initial diagnosis, patients were contacted to determine the recurrence rate of H. pylori infection through the Urea breath test. RESULTS: 101 /129 of the patients that were infected with H. pylori had a successful eradication of the infection and 28/129 failed to eradicate the bacteria. The effectiveness rate of treatment was 77.2%. Two years after successful eradication we were able to contact 65/101 participants, 5 of them presented positive urea breath tests (recurrence rate of infection of 7.7%) (IC 1.5%-13.5%, α = 0.05). The annual recurrence rate was 3.85% per year/ patient. 94% of the patients in the cohort came from poor city areas, 95.4% had drinking water at home and 90.8% drank boiled drinking water on a daily basis. CONCLUSIONS: The recurrence rate of H. pylori in some populations of Peru is lower than expected and comparable with developed countries.

Recurrencia de la infección gástrica con Helicobacter pylori en adultos peruanos con distrés postprandial dos años después de la erradicación exitosa / Recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori infection two years after successful eradication in Peruvian patients presenting with postprandial distress syndrome

Introducción: Hasta el año 2000, en Perú se habían reportado tasas de recurrencia de H. pylori muy altas que podrían hacer inefectiva la erradicación de la infección a largo plazo e incrementar la prevalencia de cáncer gástrico y otras patologías asociadas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte única, prospectivo. Se reclutaron participantes peruanos con distrés postprandial e infección con H. pylori diagnosticada mediante el análisis histopatológico de biopsias gástricas. Aquellos con erradicación exitosa después del tratamiento fueron contactados dos años después para determinar la tasa de recurrencia mediante la prueba del aliento con urea marcada. Resultados: De 129 participantes dispépticos infectados con H. pylori elegibles, 101 tuvieron erradicación exitosa de la infección y 28 permanecieron infectados post-tratamiento. La tasa de efectividad fue de 77,2%. Dos años después, se pudieron contactar a 65 participantes con erradicación exitosa post-tratamiento, 5 de los cuales tuvieron recurrencias positivas y 60 permanecieron libres de la infección. La tasa de recurrencia fue 7,7% dos años posttratamiento (IC 1,5%-13.5%, = 0,05) y la tasa de recurrencia anual fue 3,85% por año-paciente de seguimiento. El 94% de los participantes seguidos provenían del nivel socioeconómico bajo de la ciudad, el 95,4% contaba con agua potable domiciliaria y el 90,8% consumía agua hervida diariamente. Conclusiones: La tasa de recurrencia del H. pylori en algunas poblaciones del Perú es baja y comparable a la de los países desarrollados. En estas poblaciones, la erradicación del H. pylori podría constituir una medida de salud pública para el control de la infección.

Introduction: The general reported recurrence rate of H. pylori infection in Peru is high, implying that the long term effectiveness of anti H. pylori therapy is lower than expected. This would lead to an increase in the prevalence of gastric cancer and other associated pathologies. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cohort study including Peruvian patients with postprandial distress and H. pylori infection confirmed by gastric biopsy who recieved treatment and achieved bacterial eradication. Two years after the initial diagnosis, patients were contacted to determine the recurrence rate of H. pylori infection through the Urea breath test. Results: 101 /129 of the patients that were infected with H. pylori had a successful eradication of the infection and 28/129 failed to eradicate the bacteria. The effectiveness rate of treatment was 77.2%. Two years after successful eradication we were able to contact 65/101 participants, 5 of them presented positive urea breath tests (recurrence rate of infection of 7.7%) (IC 1.5%-13.5%, α= 0.05). The annual recurrence rate was 3.85% per year/ patient. 94% of the patients in the cohort came from poor city areas, 95.4% had drinking water at home and 90.8% drank boiled drinking water on a daily basis. Conclusions: The recurrence rate of H. pylori in some populations of Peru is lower than expected and comparable with developed countries.

[Risk factors associated to mortality by upper GI bleeding in patients from a public hospital. A case control study]. / Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta en pacientes de un hospital público. Estudio caso control.

OBJECTIVE: Identify and establish risk factors associated with mortality secondary to upper gastrointestinal bleeding up to 30 days after the episode, at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analytic observational case-control study was made with a case: control proportion of 1:3, analyzing 180 patient from which 135 were the controls and 45 the cases. It was determined by biological plausibility as potential risk factors to 14 variables, with which were performed bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses. RESULTS: It was found in the bivariate logistic analysis as variables statistically related to mortality: age (OR=1.02), hematemesis (OR=2.57), in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding (OR=4), cirrhosis (OR=2.67), malignancy (OR=5,37), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=9.29), Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=19.75), rebleeding (OR=5.65), and number of packed red blood cell transfusions(OR=1.22). While in the multivariate logistic analysis, the only variables statistically related to mortality were: malignancy (OR=5.35), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=8.29), and Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=8.43). CONCLUSIONS: The factors that increase the risk of mortality in patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are: Rockall score greater than 4, admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma, rebleeding, in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis, hematemesis, malignancy, the number of red blood cell transfusion, and age.

Utilidad del score de Baylor en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima - Perú / The usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in Lima-Peru

Objetivo: Demostrar la utilidad del score de Baylor en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) por úlcera péptica, en términos de mortalidad y recidiva de hemorragia a 30 días de seguimiento. Material y método: Se recolectaron datos prospectivamente en un formato de registro de las historias clínicas. Los pacientes incluidos fueron aquellos que acudieron al Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, durante el periodo de Junio del 2009 a Mayo del 2011, por hemorragia digestiva alta debido a úlcera péptica evidenciada por endoscopía. Se analizaron los datos con la curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Resultados: Se incluyeron 181 de 380 pacientes con HDA (47,63%), 74% fueron varones con una edad promedio de 56 años, 20 pacientes fallecieron durante el seguimiento: 8 por hemorragia digestiva y 12 por otras causas, 10 pacientes presentaron recidiva de hemorragia durante el seguimiento. Al realizar el análisis de la curva de ROC con el score de Baylor y mortalidad, se reportó un valor de área bajo la curva de 0,89 IC 95% (0,83-0,95), con recurrencia de sangrado, un valor de 0,81 IC 95% (0,68-0,93) y necesidad de transfusión de más de dos paquetes globulares, un valor de 0,79 IC 95% (0,70-0,86). Conclusiones: El score de Baylor es un buen predictor de mortalidad y recidiva del sangrado durante los primeros 30 días después del primer episodio de hemorragia digestiva alta y en menor medida para la necesidad de transfundir más de dos paquetes globulares durante la hospitalización.

Objective: To demonstrate the usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) due to peptic ulcer, in terms of mortality and recurrent bleeding at 30 days follow-up. Material and methods: This study has collected information prospectively into a registration form from medical histories. Patients included were those who came to the “Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia”, Lima, Peru, in the period between June 2009 and May 2011, with UGB due to peptic ulcer demonstrated by endoscopy. The data was analyzed with the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Results: We included 181 from 380 patients with UGB (47.63%), 74% were male, mean age 56 years old; 20 patients died during follow-up: 8 due to gastrointestinal bleeding and 12 from other causes, 10 patients had recurrence of bleeding during a 30 days follow-up. When performing the analysis of the ROC curve with the Baylor score and mortality, it was reported IC 95% value of 0.89 (0.83-0.95), with recurrence of bleeding an IC 95% value of 0.81 (0.68-0.93) and need for transfusion of over two globular packages an IC 95% value of 0.79 (0.70-0.86). Conclusions: Baylor score is a good predictor of mortality and recurrence of bleeding during the first 30 days after a first episode of an upper gastrointestinal bleeding and an acceptable predictor of the need to transfuse more than two globular packages during hospitalization.

Mortalidad y readmisión en pacientes cirróticos hospitalizados en un hospital general de Lima, Perú / Mortality and readmission in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in a General Hospital from Lima, Peru

La cirrosis hepática es un problema de salud pública. En el Perú, es la primera causa de muerte dentro de las enfermedades hepáticas. Además, los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica y cirrosis tienen mayor riesgo para readmisión. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de mortalidad y readmisión a los 3 meses, así como las características epidemiológicas-clínicas de los pacientes cirróticos hospitalizados en un hospital general. Materiales y métodos: Se recolectaron prospectivamente los datos de los pacientes cirróticos hospitalizados en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, desde octubre 2011 a octubre 2012, el seguimiento fue vía telefónica a los 3 meses luego del alta hospitalaria. Resultados: El estudio incluyó 96 pacientes. La edad media fue 59,2 años. La etiología de cirrosis más frecuente fue alcohol (45,8%) y el principal motivo de hospitalización fue hemorragia digestiva alta (29,2%). La mortalidad total fue 39,6% (n: 38), de la cual 63,2% (24/38) fue hospitalaria, siendo la causa principal el choque séptico con 31,5% (12/38). De los fallecidos 44,7% presentó infección como complicación. La readmisión hospitalaria fue 42,8% (33/77) y de ellos, falleció el 36,3 % (12/33). Conclusión: Los pacientes cirróticos hospitalizados presentaron una alta mortalidad a los 3 meses; estos pacientes al alta hospitalaria revelaron una elevada readmisión en los 3 meses de seguimiento...

Liver cirrhosis is a public health problem. In Peru, is the leading cause of death in liver diseases. In addition, patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are at increased risk for readmission. Objectives: To determine the frequency of mortality and readmission at 3 months, and clinical-epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized cirrhotic patients in a general hospital. Materials and methods: Data were collected prospectively of hospitalized cirrhotic patients in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, from October 2011 to October 2012; telephone follow-up was at 3 months after hospital discharge. Results: The study included 96 patients. The mean age was 59.2 years. The most common etiology of cirrhosis was alcohol (45.8%) and the main reason for hospitalization was upper gastrointestinal bleeding (29.2%). Global mortality was 39.6% (38 patients), from them, 63.2% (24/38) were inpatients, its main cause was septic shock 31.5% (12/38). Forty-four percent of the deceased had infection as complication. Hospital readmission was 42.8% (33/77) and 36.3% of them died. Conclusions: Hospitalized cirrhotic patients showed high mortality at 3 months, these patients at discharge revealed a high readmission within 3 months of follow up...

[Frecuency of functional gastrointestinal disorders and esophageal reflux disease in adults with non investigated dyspepsia in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru]. / Frecuencia de trastornos digestivos funcionales y enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en pacientes con dispepsia no investigada que acuden al Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of functional gastrointestinal disorders and gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults with uninvestigated dyspepsia in a general teaching hospital in Lima, Peru. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study performed at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia Lima, Peru. Data was collected from questionnaires for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGID) based on Rome III criteria and from surveys for diagnosis of GERD applied to eligible patients who visited the gastroenterology unit from July to December 2011. Also, we collected the endoscopy's reports. RESULTS: Among 110 patients who participated in the study, 70.9% were female and the mean age was 49.4 years (range 20-77, SD: ± 13.1). FGID was found in 82 subjects (74.6%) based on Rome III criteria. The most common FGID was functional dyspepsia (71.8%), followed by belching disorder (57.3%), nausea and vomiting disorder (27.3%) and irritable bowel syndrome (18.2%). Ninety-one patients (82.7%) were diagnosed of GERD, being the most common symptom regurgitation (80.0%). Structural abnormalities were found by upper endoscopy in 25 patients (22.7%). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high frequency of GERD, belching disorder, nausea and vomiting disorder and irritable bowel syndrome among adult patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia. In addition, we found a high frequency of overlapping disorders in the same patient. Our results suggest the necessity to recognize the different types of FGID in order to avoid the under diagnosis of common conditions in the outpatient setting.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta en pacientes de un hospital público: Estudio caso control / Risk factors associated to mortality by upper GI bleeding in patients from a public hospital: A case control study

Objetivo: Determinar y establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) a los 30 días posteriores al episodio en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico caso-control retrospectivo con una proporción caso: control de 1:3, analizando 180 pacientes, siendo 135 los controles y 45 los casos. Se determinó por plausibilidad biológica como posibles factores de riesgo a 14 variables, con las cuales se realizó un análisis logístico bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: Se encontró en el análisis logístico bivariado como variables relacionadas estadísticamente a la mortalidad: edad (OR=1,02), hematemesis (OR=2,57), hemorragia digestiva alta intrahospitalaria (OR=4), cirrosis (OR=2,67), neoplasia maligna (OR=5,37), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma (OR=9,29), score de Rockall mayor a 4 (OR=19,75), resangrado (OR=5,65), y paquetes globulares transfundidos (OR=1,22). Mientras que en el análisis logístico multivariado se encontró solamente a las variables neoplasia maligna (OR=5,35), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma (OR=8,29), y score de Rockall mayor a 4 (OR=8,43). Conclusiones: Los factores que aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta son: un score de Rockall mayor a 4, ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma, resangrado, hemorragia digestiva alta intrahospitalaria, cirrosis, presencia de hematemesis, neoplasia maligna, número de paquetes globulares transfundidos y edad.

Objective: Identify and establish risk factors associated with mortality secondary to upper gastrointestinal bleeding up to 30 days after the episode, at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Material and methods: A retrospective analytic observational case-control study was made with a case: control proportion of 1:3, analyzing 180 patient from which 135 were the controls and 45 the cases. It was determined by biological plausibility as potential risk factors to 14 variables, with which were performed bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Results: It was found in the bivariate logistic analysis as variables statistically related to mortality: age (OR=1.02), hematemesis (OR=2.57), in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding (OR=4), cirrhosis (OR=2.67), malignancy (OR=5,37), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=9.29), Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=19.75), rebleeding (OR=5.65), and number of packed red blood cell transfusions(OR=1.22). While in the multivariate logistic analysis, the only variables statistically related to mortality were: malignancy (OR=5.35), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=8.29), and Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=8.43). Conclusions: The factors that increase the risk of mortality in patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are: Rockall score greater than 4, admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma, rebleeding, in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis, hematemesis, malignancy, the number of red blood cell transfusion, and age.

Frecuencia de trastornos digestivos funcionales y enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en pacientes con dispepsia no investigada que acuden al Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú / Frecuency of functional gastrointestinal disorders and esophageal reflux disease in adults with non investigated dyspepsia in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de trastornos digestivos funcionales y enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en pacientes adultos con dispepsia no investigada en un hospital docente localizado en Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo realizado en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Se recolectaron los resultados de las endoscopías y de los cuestionarios para Trastorno Digestivo Funcional (TDF) y Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastro Esofágico (ERGE) aplicados a pacientes con criterios de selección que acudieron al servicio de gastroenterología desde julio hasta diciembre del 2011. Resultados: 110 pacientes participaron en el estudio, 70,9% fueron mujeres y la edad promedio fue 49,4 años (rango 20-77, DE: ±13,1). 82 pacientes (76,4%) presentaron algún TDF. El más común fue dispepsia funcional (71,8%), seguido por el trastorno por eructos (57,3%), trastorno por náuseas y vómitos (27,3%) y síndrome de intestino irritable (18,2%). 91 pacientes (82,7%) presentaron ERGE, siendo el síntoma más común la regurgitación (80,0%). Las endoscopias mostraron que 25 pacientes (22,7%) tenían alguna lesión estructural. Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta frecuencia de ERGE, trastorno por eructos, trastorno por nauseas y vómitos y síndrome de intestino irritable entre los pacientes con dispepsia no investigada. Además, se encontró una alta frecuencia de superposición de trastornos en un mismo paciente. Nuestros resultados sugieren la necesidad de reconocer los diferentes tipos de TDF para evitar el sub-diagnóstico de éstos desórdenes.

Objective: To assess the frequency of functional gastrointestinal disorders and gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults with uninvestigated dyspepsia in a general teaching hospital in Lima, Peru. Material and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study performed at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia Lima, Peru. Data was collected from questionnaires for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGID) based on Rome III criteria and from surveys for diagnosis of GERD applied to eligible patients who visited the gastroenterology unit from July to December 2011. Also, we collected the endoscopy’s reports. Results: Among 110 patients who participated in the study, 70.9% were female and the mean age was 49.4 years (range 2077, SD: ± 13.1). FGID was found in 82 subjects (74.6%) based on Rome III criteria. The most common FGID was functional dyspepsia (71.8%), followed by belching disorder (57.3%), nausea and vomiting disorder (27.3%) and irritable bowel syndrome (18.2%). Ninety-one patients (82.7%) were diagnosed of GERD, being the most common symptom regurgitation (80.0%). Structural abnormalities were found by upper endoscopy in 25 patients (22.7%). Conclusions: We found a high frequency of GERD, belching disorder, nausea and vomiting disorder and irritable bowel syndrome among adult patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia. In addition, we found a high frequency of overlapping disorders in the same patient. Our results suggest the necessity to recognize the different types of FGID in order to avoid the under diagnosis of common conditions in the outpatient setting.

[Mortality and readmission in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in a General Hospital from Lima, Peru]. / Mortalidad y readmisión en pacientes cirróticos hospitalizados en un hospital general de Lima, Perú

UNLABELLED: Liver cirrhosis is a public health problem. In Peru, is the leading cause of death in liver diseases. In addition, patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are at increased risk for readmission. OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of mortality and readmission at 3 months, and clinical-epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized cirrhotic patients in a general hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected prospectively of hospitalized cirrhotic patients in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia,Lima,Peru, from October 2011 to October 2012; telephone follow-up was at 3 months after hospital discharge. RESULTS: The study included 96 patients. The mean age was 59.2 years. The most common etiology of cirrhosis was alcohol (45.8%) and the main reason for hospitalization was upper gastrointestinal bleeding (29.2%). Global mortality was 39.6% (38 patients), from them, 63.2% (24/38) were inpatients, its main cause was septic shock 31.5% (12/38). Forty-four percent of the deceased had infection as complication. Hospital readmission was 42.8% (33/77) and 36.3% of them died. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized cirrhotic patients showed high mortality at 3 months, these patients at discharge revealed a high readmission within 3 months of follow up.

[The usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in Lima, Peru]. / Utilidad del score de Baylor en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima, Perú

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) due to peptic ulcer, in terms of mortality and recurrent bleeding at 30 days follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study has collected information prospectively into a registration form from medical histories. Patients included were those who came to the "Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia", Lima, Peru, in the period between June 2009 and May 2011, with UGB due to peptic ulcer demonstrated by endoscopy. The data was analyzed with the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic). RESULTS: We included 181 from 380 patients with UGB (47.63%), 74% were male, mean age 56 years old; 20 patients died during follow-up: 8 due to gastrointestinal bleeding and 12 from other causes, 10 patients had recurrence of bleeding during a 30 days follow-up. When performing the analysis of the ROC curve with the Baylor score and mortality, it was reported IC 95% value of 0.89 (0.83-0.95), with recurrence of bleeding an IC 95% value of 0.81 (0.68-0.93) and need for transfusion of over two globular packages an IC 95% value of 0.79 (0.70-0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Baylor score is a good predictor of mortality and recurrence of bleeding during the first 30 days after a first episode of an upper gastrointestinal bleeding and an acceptable predictor of the need to transfuse more than two globular packages during hospitalization.

["Pilot study: sequential therapy in erradicating Helicobacter pylori in the Cayetano Heredia Hospital"]. / "Estudio piloto: terapia secuencial en la erradicación del Helicobacter pylori en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia"

BACKGROUND: Sequential therapy is used as an alternative to growing antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori to the standard triple therapy. Despite the success it had in Europe, we have no information regarding this therapy in our region. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori using sequential therapy and show its adverse effects. METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational, open descriptive study. 31 patients were evaluated who were treated with sequential therapy in the following way: the first 5 days omeprazole 20 mg and amoxicillin 1 g every 12 hours and following 5 days omeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg and tinidazole 500 mg every 12 hours. After four weeks of treatment, each patient had a C13 urea breath test to check for eradication. RESULTS: 31 patients were included, one patient was excluded from the protocol due to adverse drug react to amoxicillin. Of the remaining 30 patients who completed treatment, 22 (73%) were negative to breath test and 8 (27%) were positive. Of the patients who completed treatment, 10 had minor adverse events to treatment, the main symptoms were epigastralgia and nausea. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential therapy had an eradication rate of 73% which is much lower than that reported in European studies. However, therapy is easily accesible with lower cost and fewer side effects tan standard therapy.

[Utility of urease rapid test for detection of Helicobacter pylori in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer]. / Utilidad del test rápido de ureasa para la detección de Helicobacter pylori en la hemorragia digestiva alta por úlcera péptica.

BACKGROUND: Peptic ulcer disease is the main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and Helicobacter pylori is its principal etiology. The sensitivity of the diagnostics tests is low for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer. In addition there are different results among them. GOAL: To validate the rapid urease test (RUT) in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer. STUDY: We prospectively included patients older than 14 years old who presented with bleeding peptic ulcer and performed diagnostic studies of RUT and histology for the detection of H. pylori. Two biopsies were taken (one from the antrum and another one from the corpus) for RUT and four biopsies (two from both antrum and corpus) for histology. RESULTS Ninety-three patients were included, gastric ulcer was the most frequent site of the bleeding. 48 patients were positive for H. pylori by histology studies and 55 patients were positive to H. pylori by RUT. The sensitivity and specificity of the RUT were 89.6% (IC 77.3-96.5) y 73.3% (IC 58.0-85.4) respectively. CONCLUSION: The RUT has a high sensitivity for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer.

[Gallbladder polyps: Clinical and pathological features in Cholecystectomy patients in the Anglo American clinic in the period of 1999-2007]. / Pólipos vesiculares: características clínicas y anatomopatológicas en pacientes colecistectomizados en la Clínica anglo americana entre los años 1999-2007.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and anatomopathologic characteristics of gallbladder polyps found in patients who underwent cholecystectomy at Clinica Anglo Americana for the 1999-2007 period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive and retrospective study that started at Pathology Department where patients with anatomopathologic finding of gallbladder polyps who underwent cholecystectomy for the 1999-2007 period were selected. Clinical records were reviewed to take ultrasonographic, anatomopathologic and clinical characteristics, which were included and studied in a data base in Microsoft Excel. RESULTS: Gallbladder polyps were found in 172 (10%) of 1707 gallbladders that were analized. Cholesterolosic polyps were found in 95.4% of the cases, 4% were adenomas and 0.6% were hyperplasic polyps. Gallbladder polyps ≥ 10 mm were found in 32,25% of the cases. A 90% of these polyps were cholesterolosic and a 10% were adenomas. No malign polyps were found in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of gallbladder polyps, including the ≥ 10 mm group, were cholesterolosic. The physician decision to remove the gallbladder must be individualized and discussed with each patient, considering gallbladder polyp characteristics such as size and growth rate of the lesion.

Utilidad del test rápido de ureasa para la detección de helicobacter pylori en la hemorragia digestiva alta por úlcera péptica / Utility of urease rapid test for detection of helicobacter pylori in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad ulcerosa péptica es la principal causa de hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA), siendo la infección por Helicobacter pylori su principal etiología. La sensibilidad de los métodos diagnósticos es menor para la detección de H. pylori en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta, existiendo significativa variación entre ellos. OBJETIVO: Validar el test rápido de ureasa (TRU) en pacientes con HDA. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron prospectivamente pacientes mayores de 14 años que presentaron HDA por úlcera péptica y que tuvieron estudios histológicos y TRU para la búsqueda deH. pylori. Se tomó como prueba de oro la histología. Se tomaron una biopsia de antro y otra de cuerpo para el TRU y dos de antro y dos de cuerpo para la histología. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 93 pacientes siendo la principal etiología la úlcera gástrica. Se diagnosticó H. pylori en 48 pacientes según la histología y 55 pacientes tuvieron resultado positivo según el TRU. La sensibilidad y especificidad calculada para el TRU fueron de 89.6% (IC 77.3-96.5) y 73.3% (IC 58.0-85.4) respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: El TRU tiene una alta sensibilidad para la detección de H. pylori en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta por enfermedad ulcerosa péptica.

BACKGROUND: Peptic ulcer disease is the main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and Helicobacter pylori is its principal etiology. The sensitivity of the diagnostics tests is low for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer. In addition there are different results among them. GOAL: To validate the rapid urease test (RUT) in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer.STUDY: We prospectively included patients older than 14 years old who presented with bleeding peptic ulcer and performed diagnostic studies of RUT and histology for the detection of H. pylori. Two biopsies were taken (one from the antrum and another one from the corpus) for RUT and four biopsies (two from both antrum and corpus) for histology. RESULTS Ninety-three patients were included, gastric ulcer was the most frequent site of the bleeding. 48 patients were positive for H. pylori by histology studies and 55 patients were positive to H. pylori by RUT. The sensitivity and specificity of the RUT were 89.6% (IC 77.3-96.5) y 73.3% (IC 58.0-85.4) respectively. CONCLUSION: The RUT has a high sensitivity for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer.