ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There is considerable evidence reporting an excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) cortical imbalance in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, previous findings on the direction of this imbalance and its relationship to ASD symptomatology are heterogeneous. Some factors contributing to these mixed results might be the methodological differences between studies assessing the E/I ratio and the intrinsic variability within the autistic spectrum. Studying the evolution of ASD symptoms and the factors that modulate it might help to explain and reduce this variability. Here we present a study protocol to explore the longitudinal role of E/I imbalance in ASD symptoms, combining different approaches to measure the E/I ratio and using the trajectories of symptom severity as a framework. METHODS: This observational two time-point prospective study assesses the E/I ratio and the evolution of the behavioural symptoms in a sample of at least 98 participants with ASD. Participants are enrolled at 12 to 72 months of age and followed from 18 to 48 months after. A comprehensive battery of tests is applied to evaluate ASD clinical symptoms. The E/I ratio is approached from electrophysiology, magnetic resonance, and genetics. We will calculate the individual change for the main ASD symptoms and, based on that, we will define the trajectories of symptom severity. Then, we will investigate the correlation between measures of excitation/inhibition balance and autistic symptomatology cross-sectionally, as well as the ability of these measurements to predict changes in symptoms over time. DISCUSSION: This study presents a robust multisystemic approach to the E/I imbalance theory in autism and its relation to divergent symptom trajectories. That setting will allow us to relate and compare the neurobiological information coming from different sources and its impact on behavioural symptoms while accounting for the high variability in ASD. The findings derived from this study could contribute to the ASD biomarkers research and might provide valuable evidence for the development of more personalized treatments in ASD.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder , Autistic Disorder , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive , Child , Humans , Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis , Biomarkers , Observational Studies as Topic , Prospective Studies , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
El parasuicidio supone un importante problema de salud pública, tanto por su elevada incidencia como por las importantes consecuencias a nivel médico y social. La forma habitual de abordar este problema es a través del estudio de las características del paciente parasuicida y del intento de suicidio. Nuestro estudio se compone de una muestra de 184 pacientes atendidos por parasuicidio. Se han valorado características sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicosociales del paciente, así como las características del parasuicidio, sus repercusiones médicas y el grado de intencionalidad suicida. El perfil del paciente fue el de una mujer soltera, de, 36'7 años de media, que convive con otras personas y está en paro. Más de la mitad de la muestra estaba ya en tratamiento psiquiátrico, siendo el diagnóstico más frecuente el de trastorno de personalidad. El método más usado fue el de ingestión de psicofármacos, benzodiacepinas y antidepresivos fundamentalmente. El 20 por ciento requirió ingreso hospitalario y el 50 por ciento fue derivado al Centro de Salud Mental para seguimiento. Respecto a la intencionalidad, se hallaron 2 subgrupos con diferentes frecuencia, diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento (AU)
The parasuicide is an important public health problem because of its high frequency and its medical and social consequences. The patient's clinical features and the suicide attempt's characteristics are the most important clinical topics on studyng this problem. We studied 184 patients who committed parasuicide. Sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial patient's features, parasuicide's characteristics, medical consequences and suicide intentionality were analyzed. The typical patient's profile was age 36´7, single, unemployed and not living alone woman. 54% of the sample was already receiving psychiatric attention. The most usual diagnose was personality disorder. The most usual method was ingestion of psychotropics drugs. 20% of the sample required hospital admission, and 50% was referred to his Mental Health Center. According to suicide intentionality two groups resulted. These two groups presented differences on frequency, prognosis, diagnosis and treatment. The foregoing are just some of the findings presented in this article (AU)
