Helping elderly patients to avoid suicide: a review of case reports from a National Veterans Affairs database.

This study examines the health system factors associated with completed suicide among veterans older than 65 years. All root cause analysis reports of suicides that occurred between 2008 and 2010 in the Veterans Health Administration were reviewed; of those, 46 reports were for those 65 years or older. The average age in the sample was 76.96 years; all were men. Method of suicide, stressors, previous attempts, root causes, and action plans designed to address the root causes are reported. Based on these results, recommendations are made for the assessment and treatment of suicide in elderly men.

The Effectiveness of an Environmental and Behavioral Approach to Treat Behavior Problems in a Patient with Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Case Study.

This case describes and reports the effects of a multi-component collaborative intervention to treat difficult behaviors in a 79-year-old woman with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). To assess for cognitive status and disruptive behavior patterns, we collected a cognitive screen, history of presenting illness, and measures of behavior problems prior to the intervention. The intervention included 32 weekly 1-hour sessions with the patient, 1-hour sessions with the patient's assigned caregiver and regular interactions with the patient's family and medical treatment team. All sessions were conducted at the patient's long-term residential care facility. We assessed behavior disturbances with the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). We assessed functional abilities with the Katz Activities of Daily Living (K-ADL), and assessed cognitive function with the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE). At the closing session (week 32) caregiver ratings indicated significantly reduced scores on the CMAI (Baseline = 75 to Endpoint = 30) and maintenance in ADLs (Baseline=3 to Endpoint=3). Caregivers reported enhanced efficacy in treating behaviors and improvement in their relationship with the patient. Results demonstrate the benefits of a multi-component collaborative intervention, based on an enhanced environment and behavioral approach, in treating behavior problems related to DLB.

Intelligence quotient-adjusted memory impairment is associated with abnormal single photon emission computed tomography perfusion.

Cognitive reserve among highly intelligent older individuals makes detection of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) difficult. We tested the hypothesis that mild memory impairment determined by IQ-adjusted norms is associated with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion abnormality at baseline and predictive of future decline. Twenty-three subjects with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0, were reclassified after scores were adjusted for IQ into two groups, 10 as having mild memory impairments for ability (IQ-MI) and 13 as memory-normal (IQ-MN). Subjects underwent cognitive and functional assessments at baseline and annual follow-up for 3 years. Perfusion SPECT was acquired at baseline. At follow-up, the IQ-MI subjects demonstrated decline in memory, visuospatial processing, and phonemic fluency, and 6 of 10 had progressed to a CDR of 0.5, while the IQ-MN subjects did not show decline. The IQ-MI group had significantly lower perfusion than the IQ-MN group in parietal/precuneus, temporal, and opercular frontal regions. In contrast, higher perfusion was observed in IQ-MI compared with IQ-MN in the left medial frontal and rostral anterior cingulate regions. IQ-adjusted memory impairment in individuals with high cognitive reserve is associated with baseline SPECT abnormality in a pattern consistent with prodromal AD and predicts subsequent cognitive and functional decline.

IQ-based norms for highly intelligent adults.

This study presents normative data of commonly used neuropsychological tests administered to 75 individuals with high levels of intelligence (estimated IQ > or = 120). Participants were living independently in the community with ages ranging from 44 to 86. To avoid including individuals with an incipient dementia, we selected subjects who scored within the normal range on all cognitive tests for at least a two-year period. The norms are presented in table format to help clinicians easily identify a typical cognitive performance in highly intelligent individuals and to provide a useful guide for detecting abnormal cognitive decline in individuals at risk for progressive dementia.

Response bias and aging on a recognition memory task.

UNLABELLED: Response bias reflects the decision rule an individual uses when faced with uncertainty on recognition memory tasks. Recent studies indicate frontal regions may mediate response bias performance. One theory of aging also implicates frontal lobe contributions in age-related cognitive changes. This suggests that frontal lobe changes may mediate response bias in older adults. Consistent with this frontal aging hypothesis, we predicted that response bias would become more liberal with age. METHODS: Participants were 181 younger (30-49) and 112 older normal adults (75+) that were part of the California Verbal Learning Test-second edition (CVLT-2) normative sample (total n = 1078). We used parametric measures of discriminability and response bias provided by the CVLT-2 scoring program. Groups were similar in IQ and education. Multi-level regression models were created to examine the effects of moderating variables. The interaction between age and age group significantly predicted response bias. Post hoc analysis indicated that increasing age was associated with more liberal bias in the older but not in the younger group. In the light of reported relationships between frontal regions and both aging and response bias, we hypothesize that frontal changes may be the underlying mechanism explaining the increase in liberal response bias with age.

Use of IQ-adjusted norms to predict progressive cognitive decline in highly intelligent older individuals.

Identifying high-functioning older individuals in preclinical phases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may require more sensitive methods than the standard approach. The authors explored the utility of adjusting for premorbid intelligence to predict progressive cognitive decline or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in 42 highly intelligent older individuals. When scores were adjusted for baseline IQ, 9 participants had executive impairments, 11 had memory impairments, and 22 scored in the normal range. None were impaired according to standard age norms. Three and a half years later, 9 participants with IQ-adjusted memory impairment declined in naming, visuospatial functioning, and memory; 6 convened to MCI. Three participants with normal memory declined. Implications for using IQ-adjusted norms to predict preclinical AD are discussed.