ABSTRACT
The Yes-associated protein and its transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) are two homologous transcriptional coactivators that lie at the center of a key regulatory network of Hippo, Wnt, GPCR, estrogen, mechanical, and metabolism signaling. YAP/TAZ influences the expressions of downstream genes and proteins as well as enzyme activity in metabolic cycles, cell proliferation, inflammatory factor expression, and the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. YAP/TAZ can also be regulated through epigenetic regulation and posttranslational modifications. Consequently, the regulatory function of these mechanisms implicates YAP/TAZ in the pathogenesis of metabolism-related diseases, atherosclerosis, fibrosis, and the delicate equilibrium between cancer progression and organ regeneration. As such, there arises a pressing need for thorough investigation of YAP/TAZ in clinical settings. In this paper, we aim to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate YAP/TAZ and explore the mechanisms of YAP/TAZ-induce diseases and their potential therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, we summarize the current clinical studies investigating treatments targeting YAP/TAZ. We also address the limitations of existing research on YAP/TAZ and propose future directions for research. In conclusion, this review aims to provide fresh insights into the signaling mediated by YAP/TAZ and identify potential therapeutic targets to present innovative solutions to overcome the challenges associated with YAP/TAZ.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the anatomical limitations and characteristics of maxillary and mandibular retromolar regions affecting molar distalization using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 qualifying patients were classified into equal groups of skeletal Class II and Class III and stratified by vertical growth pattern, age, sex, and third molar presence. The available distance along the axis of distalization and cortical bone thickness (CBT) were measured in the maxillary and mandibular retromolar regions of Class II and Class III patients, respectively. One-way analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of the factors on the measured data. RESULTS: The minimum available distance of the Class II maxilla was observed at a level 3 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), while that of the Class III mandible was at a level 9 mm from the CEJ. The average available distance at the limit level was 4.06 ± 1.93 mm in the Class II maxilla, and the average corresponding CBT was 1.00 mm. The average available distance at the limit level in the Class III mandible was 2.80 ± 1.96 mm, and the corresponding CBT was 2.24 mm. In both skeletal Class II and Class III patients, hyperdivergent groups had the least available distance for molar distalization. CONCLUSIONS: The limit for available distance in the Class II maxilla is closer to the coronal level, while that of the Class III mandible is closer to the apical level. A hyperdivergent growth pattern in a patient is indicative of less potential for molar distalization. Axial slices of CBCT images provide valuable evaluation for molar distalization regarding limit levels.
