ABSTRACT
A novel disease affecting small immature fruits has surfaced in 'Saiwaihong' apples (Malus pumila), a recently developed variety extensively cultivated across more than 20,000 hectares in China. In an effort to pinpoint the causal agent(s) responsible for this ailment, RNA sequencing analysis was conducted on four diseased and four healthy apple samples. The results revealed a diverse range of viruses and viroids, indicating a mixed viral infection in diseased samples. However, a more focused examination involving 152 diseased and 122 healthy fruit samples, utilizing RT-PCR and dot-blotting hybridization techniques, highlighted a close association between the disease and the presence of apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd). Among the obtained ASSVd variants from diseased 'Saiwaihong' apples, 20 were identified, and they were either identical or closely related to isolates from various apple varieties cultivated in different regions and countries. This suggests that ASSVd isolates in 'Saiwaihong' might have been introduced from other apple varieties. Furthermore, the analysis indicates the possibility of two separate introductions, as the ASSVd 'Saiwaihong' isolates demonstrated two distinct phylogenetic groups. These insights provide valuable guidance for disease control strategies and emphasize the significance of ongoing monitoring for ASSVd, both in its familiar forms and potential new variants.
ABSTRACT
The development and application of processing technology is closely related to the quality of Chinese medicine. Currently， Chinese medicine processing is still in the mechanization stage with limited processing equipment， low levels of automation and intelligence. As a result， the imprecise control of parameters during processing leads to unstable quality of Chinese herbal pieces. However， with the arrival of the big data era and the continuous development of "Internet+"， Chinese medicine processing technology and equipment have been continuously improved and updated， and gradually shifted to the development direction of automation and intelligence. The linkage production technology of Chinese herbal pieces optimizes the separate processing equipment coupling into the production line for continuous manufacture of Chinese herbal pieces， intending to improve production efficiency. The large-scale industrialized production of Chinese herbal pieces tends towards digital technology of processing experience and online inspection technology based on machine vision， electronic nose， and electronic tongue. These technologies are crucial prerequisites for standardizing the parameters of Chinese medicine processing. And further by docking the processing process and equipment with the internet， realizing the intelligent control of the production process is an important process for the transformation and upgrading of Chinese herbal piece industry in the future. In this paper， we summarized the development characteristics of different stages of Chinese medicine processing technology， combed application and development of processing theory， the evolution of processing equipment， and problems in the current industrial development stage of Chinese medicine processing， in order to provide ideas and methods for achieving digital and intelligent innovation of processing technology as well as high-efficient and high-quality production of Chinese herbal pieces.
ABSTRACT
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a teaching method which is tutor-guided,student-centered,learning in the procedure of solving problem and solving problem in the procedure of learning.Compared with traditional teaching methods,PBL has advantages in culturing the ability of the students,improving the ability of analyzing and solving problem and combining multiple disciplines and it plays an important role in culturing applicable and innovative talents.Attention should be paid to teacher training,learner supervision,strict selection of curriculum and supplement of extra relevant courses.Furthermore,the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine must be highlighted so as to achieve the best teaching effects.
ABSTRACT
@#ObjectiveTo examine effects of traditional Chinese herbs Naofucong grain on PC12 cells injured by H2O2 in vitro MethodsRats random divided into 2 groups: Naofucong grain treating group (administered with Naofucong grain) and control group (administered with distilled water) After 3 days administration, serums were obtained and added to cultured PC12 cells which were under different concentrations of H2O2 Morphological examinations in PC12 cells were detected by MTT measurement ResultsMTT measurement showed that Naofucong grain administered rats serums significantly increased the survival number of PC12 cells in different concentrations of H2O2.Conclusion Naofucong grain may have obvious protective effects on PC12 cells injured by H2O2.
ABSTRACT
@# ObjectiveTo observe effects of Naofucong grain on learning and memory in cerebral ischemic mice, and identify the mechanisms on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.MethodsExperimental dementia mice were induced by ischemia reperfusion injury, and treated with Naofucong grain or Dangguishaoyao powder (positive control medicine). Learning and memory were tested in the Morris water maze. Activities of NMDA receptor in brain cortex and hippocampus were detected ResultsIncubation periods of mice treated with Naofucong grain were significantly shorter than that of ischemic model mice (P<0.01) Activities of NMDA receptor in brain cortex and hippocampus showed no difference between Naofucong grain treated mice and normal mice (P>0.05)Activities of NMDA receptor in brain cortex and hippocampus in Naofucong grain treated mice were significantly lower than that in ischemic model mice(P<0.01) ConclusionThe improvement of Naofucong grain in the memory and learning in cerebral ischemic mice may be related to the inhibition of the activity of NMDA receptor.
ABSTRACT
The afferent connections of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) were studied with retrograde transport method of using horseradish peroxidase (HRP).A microinjected syringe needle or microelectrophoretic pipette was inserted into the brain in the vertical, inclined through cerebellum or inclined through cerebral cortex medially.The results were as follows:Following HRP injection into the IPN, labeled neurons were found in medial habenular nuclei, lateral habenular nuclei, dorsal raphe nucleus, superior central nucleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, dorsolateral tegmental nucleus, ventro-lateral and lateral portions of periaqueductal grey matter, and locus coeruleus. In addition, labeled cells were also observed within caudal portion of accumbens nucleus and nucleus tractus diagonalis (Broca).Following HRP injection into the lateral, ventral (or ventrolateral) and dorsal portions of the IPN, labeled cells were found in ipslateral medial habenular nucleus,medial regions of the bilateral medial habenular nuclei, and lateral regions of the bilateral medial habenular nuclei, respectively.After injection into the rostral or caudal pole of the IPN, no labeled cells were observed in bilateral medial habenular nuclei.Following injection of HRP into the caudal pole of the IPN, labeled neurons were observed within both sides of lateral habehular nucleus, dorsolateral tegmental nucleus and ventromedial portion of dorsal tegmental nucleus.No labeled neurons were observed in the ventral (deep) tegmental nucleus,premamillary nucleus, supramamillary nucleus and parabigeminal nucleus except in the cases in which the HRP injection site extended beyond the IPN.
