ABSTRACT
To support the successful integration of community pharmacies into value-based care models, research on the feasibility and effectiveness of novel pharmacist-provided patient care services is needed. The UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, supported by the National Association of Chain Drug Stores (NACDS) Foundation, designed the Community-based Valued-driven Care Initiative (CVCI) to (1) identify effective value-based patient care interventions that could be provided by community pharmacists, (2) implement and evaluate the feasibility of the selected patient care interventions, and (3) develop resources and create collaborative sustainability opportunities. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe recruitment strategies for CVCI and share lessons learned. The project team identified pharmacies for recruitment through a mixed data analysis followed by a "fit" evaluation. A total of 42 pharmacy organizations were identified for recruitment, 24 were successfully contacted, and 9 signed on to the project. During recruitment, pharmacies cited concerns regarding the financial sustainability of implementing and delivering the patient care services, challenges with staffing and infrastructure, and pharmacists' comfort level. To foster participation, it was vital to have leadership buy-in, clear benefits from implementation, and assured sustainability beyond the research period.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics , Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology , Liver Neoplasms/genetics , Animals , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/physiopathology , Drug Discovery/trends , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Hormones/metabolism , Humans , Inflammation , Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy , Liver Neoplasms/physiopathology , Male , Mice , Prolactin/metabolism , Risk Factors , Sex FactorsSubject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell/drug therapy , Drug Discovery/trends , Anemia, Sickle Cell/metabolism , Anemia, Sickle Cell/pathology , Anemia, Sickle Cell/therapy , Biomedical Research/economics , Biomedical Research/trends , Bone Marrow Transplantation , Drug Discovery/economics , Drug Industry/trends , Furaldehyde/analogs & derivatives , Furaldehyde/pharmacology , Furaldehyde/therapeutic use , Hemoglobin, Sickle/metabolism , Humans , Poloxamer/pharmacology , Poloxamer/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Adoptive Transfer , Immunotherapy/methods , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/therapy , Adoptive Transfer/methods , Adoptive Transfer/trends , Cell Separation , Clinical Trials as Topic/trends , Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics , Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology , Humans , Immunotherapy/trends , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/cytology , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/transplantation , Melanoma/immunology , Melanoma/therapy , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolismSubject(s)
Atmosphere/chemistry , Cities , Ecosystem , Environmental Monitoring , Animals , Animals, Wild/metabolism , Boston , Carbon Dioxide/analysis , Conservation of Natural Resources , Environmental Pollution/analysis , Humans , Methane/analysis , Natural Gas/analysis , Soil/chemistry , Trees/physiology , United States , Urban Population , Water/chemistrySubject(s)
Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Vaginal Smears/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Child , Cost-Benefit Analysis , DNA Probes, HPV/analysis , DNA Probes, HPV/genetics , DNA, Viral/analysis , DNA, Viral/genetics , Female , Health Education , Human papillomavirus 16/genetics , Human papillomavirus 16/immunology , Human papillomavirus 16/isolation & purification , Human papillomavirus 18/genetics , Human papillomavirus 18/immunology , Human papillomavirus 18/isolation & purification , Humans , Mass Screening/economics , Mass Screening/trends , Papillomavirus Infections/immunology , Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Papillomavirus Vaccines/economics , Papillomavirus Vaccines/immunology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Time Factors , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology , Vaccination , Vaginal Smears/economics , Vaginal Smears/methods , Young AdultSubject(s)
Disease Progression , Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Drug Industry , Exercise Therapy , Humans , Multiple Sclerosis/pathology , Multiple Sclerosis/rehabilitation , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/drug therapy , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/pathology , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/physiopathology , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/rehabilitation , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/drug therapy , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/pathology , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/physiopathology , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/rehabilitationSubject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Ecosystem , Environmental Microbiology , Air Microbiology , Animals , Biodiversity , Biota , Databases, Genetic , Foundations , Hospitals , Housing , Humans , Metagenome , Research Support as Topic , Toilet Facilities , WorkplaceSubject(s)
Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy , Multiple Myeloma/genetics , DNA Mutational Analysis , Disease Progression , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Genome, Human/genetics , Humans , MicroRNAs/genetics , Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance/genetics , Multiple Myeloma/pathology , Precision Medicine/trends , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/geneticsSubject(s)
Biomedical Research , Cooperative Behavior , International Cooperation , China , Humans , Research Personnel , United StatesSubject(s)
Fetal Development , Health Promotion , Maternal-Fetal Exchange , Prenatal Care , Female , Fetus/metabolism , Humans , Pregnancy , ResearchABSTRACT
While obligate siblicide is a phylogenetically widespread behavior, known from plants, insects, birds, and other taxa, with important implications for life history evolution, comprehensive evaluations of its costs and benefits to parents are rare. We used 12 years of breeding and band resight data to evaluate the importance of several potential benefits that marginal offspring (the usual victims of obligate siblicide) could provide to parent Nazca boobies (Sula granti), a seabird. We found no evidence for the resource-tracking hypothesis: 99.95% of two-chick broods were reduced to one chick before fledging, and the single exceptional brood probably lost one chick between fledging and independence. Behavioral observations indicated that siblicidal aggression caused most mortality of marginal chicks, and at least contributed to the remainder. We also found no evidence that marginal offspring provide a food resource for other family members. Marginal chicks benefit parents via adoption into other families, and possibly also in the context of progeny choice, but these benefits are minor compared to the insurance that marginal chicks provide against early failure of core (first-hatched) offspring. Further evaluation of the Insurance Egg Hypothesis showed that marginal and core offspring are functionally equivalent in the absence of sibling interactions, and that core offspring incur no detectable costs from behaving siblicidally. Nazca boobies are truly obligate brood reducers, with parents receiving principally insurance benefits from marginal offspring, but many birds and other taxa exhibiting persistent, unconditional sibling aggression do not exhibit universal brood reduction. Insurance is only one of several potential benefits that marginal offspring can confer on parents, and a multi-hypothesis approach to decompose the different types of benefits is required to understand the evolution of clutch size in other obligately siblicidal species.