Comparison of electroencephalographic dipoles of interictal spikes from prolonged scalp video-electroencephalography and magnetoencephalographic dipoles from short-term recording in children with extratemporal lobe epilepsy.

We retrospectively compared electroencephalographic (EEG) dipoles of interictal spikes from prolonged video-EEG monitoring with magnetoencephalographic dipoles from short-term recording in four children with extratemporal lobe epilepsy. We analyzed both sets of dipoles using individual interictal spikes and single moving dipole modeling and evaluated the profiles of spike appearance, dipole position, and orientation in EEG and magnetoencephalography. We obtained more than 100 magnetoencephalographic spikes in two patients who manifested frequent interictal EEG spikes throughout both day and night but fewer than 40 magnetoencephalographic spikes in two patients who had interictal EEG spikes mainly during sleep. The dipole positions of EEG and magnetoencephalography were in close proximity and included in the surgical resection area. Most of the dipoles between EEG and magnetoencephalography were oriented perpendicularly. A combination of EEG dipole analysis from prolonged video-EEG monitoring and magnetoencephalographic dipole analysis provides complementary information for presurgical evaluation in children with intractable extratemporal lobe epilepsy.

Dipole localization for identification of neuronal generators in independent neighboring interictal EEG spike foci.

PURPOSE: We evaluated dipole localizations of independent neighboring interictal spike foci using scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) to identify neuronal generators of epileptic discharges. METHODS: Three pediatric patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy who had two independent neighboring interictal spike foci on scalp EEG were studied. Prolonged video EEG was digitally recorded from 19 scalp electrodes, whose positions were registered using a three-dimensional digitizer. Interictal spikes were visually selected based on negative phase reversals on bipolar montages. We analyzed the dipole position and moment of each spike using a single moving dipole and three-shell spherical head model. The dipoles were overlaid onto magnetic resonance (MR) images and divided into two groups based on two spike foci. RESULTS: The dipoles of the two groups were oriented either tangentially or radially to the scalp in close proximity to each other. The dipoles oriented radially were located underneath the electrode with a negative peak; those oriented tangentially were between electrodes with a negative and positive peak. The positions of tangential dipoles were more concentrated than those of radial dipoles. The epileptogenic regions corresponded to the dipole localizations. Surgical excisions were performed based on the results of electrocorticography. After surgery, two patients were seizure free, and one had rare seizures (follow-up period, 13-31 months). CONCLUSIONS: We showed that dipoles in close proximity but with different orientations projected two negative maxima on scalp EEG in three patients with extratemporal localization-related epilepsy. Equivalent current dipole analysis of individual interictal spikes can provide useful information about the epileptogenic zone in these patients.

Systematic approach to dipole localization of interictal EEG spikes in children with extratemporal lobe epilepsies.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the reliability of dipole localization based on residual variances (RV), using equivalent current dipole analysis of interictal EEG spikes in children with extratemporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS: Four pediatric patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy were studied. Digital EEG was recorded from 19 scalp electrodes. Computer programs for spike detection and clustering analysis were used to select spikes. Dipoles were calculated 5 times for each spike using different initial guesses by the moving dipole model. Standard deviation (SD) of the dipole positions was calculated at each time point in the 5 trials. RESULTS: We analyzed the dipoles at 1097 time points from 4 patients. Among 106 time points with RV < 2%, the SD was < 1 mm in 78 (74%), while in those with SD > 1 mm the dipole positions varied between 2.8 and 52.6 mm. Of dipoles with RV < 1%, 26 of 27 (96%) had an SD < 1 mm; the one dipole with SD > 1 mm varied within 2.5 mm. The dipole localizations with RV < 2% corresponded to the epileptogenic zones identified on intracranial invasive video EEG and intraoperative ECoG. CONCLUSIONS: The systematic approach of equivalent current dipole analysis using spike detection, clustering analysis, and an RV < 2% as a standard is useful for identifying extratemporal epileptic regions.

Use of frameless stereotaxy with location of electroencephalographic electrodes on three-dimensional computed tomographic images in epilepsy surgery.

Epileptiform activity corresponding to structural lesions was identified by three-dimensional (3D) imaging using computed tomographic (CT) scan data concurrently with scalp EEG electrodes. The electrodes, placed according to the international 10-20 system, were used to record interictal and ictal epileptogenic foci in eight patients. Electrodes placed where marked or moderate epileptiform activity was detected were replaced with markers detectable on CT. Scans with these markers on the skin were obtained and the data transferred to a 3D imaging system, and correlated with underlying cerebral structures. The reformatted images were used to assess the relation among intracranial lesions, brain surface structures, and epileptogenic zones depicted by the markers. The images help the surgeon plan a craniotomy with enough space for both lesionectomy and resection of the epileptogenic zone. In the central regions where crucial motor functions are located, the markers indicate the central fissure or postcentral gyrus. An intraoperative 3D frameless stereotactic pointing device helps in directing further examination of the epileptogenic zone. This system improves on the precision available through intraoperative electrocorticographic recording in the extratemporal lobes, thus avoiding only approximate excision of lesion and epileptogenic zone and enabling the neurosurgeon to perform epilepsy surgery with greater confidence.

Infant-onset progressive myoclonus epilepsy.

We report the clinical, electroencephalographic, neurophysiologic, and neuroimaging findings in eight children with infant-onset progressive myoclonus epilepsy, all of whom had muscle biopsies performed as as part of the diagnostic evaluation. Each child had myoclonic seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and neurologic regression or marked developmental delay. Four children died before 3 years of age. Electroencephalograms in seven children showed an abnormally slow background with bilateral multifocal paroxysmal discharges but no burst suppression pattern or photoparoxysmal response. Muscle biopsy specimens were submitted for histopathology and respiratory-chain enzyme studies. Nonspecific abnormalities on light microscopy or electron microscopy were found in seven samples, including increased subsarcolemmal deposits of mitochondria or morphologic mitochondrial changes, but no ragged-red fibers were seen. Respiratory-chain enzyme studies were performed on five samples and in three children (all of whom had a history of elevated lactate in serum or cerebrospinal fluid), there were low levels of rotenone-sensitive reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) cytochrome c reductase characteristic of a defect in the complex I part of the respiratory-chain pathway. This study has shown that infant-onset progressive myoclonus epilepsy can be distinguished from other myoclonic epilepsy syndromes of infancy by clinical and electrographic features. Furthermore, respiratory-chain enzyme defects are a relatively common cause of infant-onset progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The absence of ragged-red fibers on muscle histopathology does not preclude a mitochondrial enzyme abnormality.