Effects of changes in adult erythropoietin dosing guidelines on erythropoietin dosing practices, anemia, and blood transfusion in children on hemodialysis: findings from North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS).

BACKGROUND: While adult hemodialysis (HD) patients have increased morbidity with higher target hemoglobin levels, similar findings have not been demonstrated in pediatric patients. We evaluated changes in transfusions, anemia frequency, and erythropoietin (epo) dosing among pediatric HD patients before, during, and after implementation of federal dialysis payment policies regarding epo dosing for adult HD patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of pediatric HD patients enrolled in NAPRTCS. We evaluated need for transfusion, anemia, median hemoglobin, and median epo dose 6 months after starting HD in 3 eras: baseline (2003-2007), implementation (2008-2011), and post implementation (2012-2016). We used multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate potential differences in transfusion across the eras. RESULTS: Six months after dialysis initiation, 12.6% of patients required transfusion pre-implementation, 17.9% during implementation, and 15.5% post implementation. Anemia occurred in 17.4% of patients pre, 23.5% during, and 23.8% post implementation, with median hemoglobin levels of 11.9 g/dL pre, 11 g/dL during, and 11 g/dL post implementation. Epo use was high across all 3 eras, but epo dosing decreased during and post implementation, despite more anemia during these periods. Odds of transfusion in implementation era compared with pre-implementation was 1.75 (95% CI 1.11-2.77) and odds of transfusion in post implementation era compared with pre was 1.19 (95% CI 0.71-1.98), controlling for age, race, gender, and prior transplant status. CONCLUSIONS: During and following implementation of adult epo dosing guidelines, transfusion and anemia frequency increased in pediatric HD patients. Ideal target hemoglobin levels for pediatric dialysis patients warrant further study.

Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis.

Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis or infection-related glomerulonephritis has been associated with several viral or bacterial infections. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection is the prototypical cause of postinfectious glomerulonephritis and the main focus of this discussion. The clinical spectrum can vary widely, from asymptomatic microscopic hematuria incidentally detected on routine urinalysis to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with acute kidney injury requiring emergent dialysis. Other important causes include glomerulonephritis associated with endocarditis and ventriculoatrial shunt infections. Multiple renal pathologic conditions have been associated with hepatitis B and C infections.

Apheresis therapy in children: an overview of key technical aspects and a review of experience in pediatric renal disease.

Although there is less experience with its use in children than adults, apheresis can be a life-saving treatment modality in certain pediatric diseases. With attention to specific technical aspects of the treatment, especially circuit volume, apheresis can be safely performed in children of any age or size. Even in pediatric diseases where it is recognized as an important part of therapy, apheresis is unfortunately still underutilized in North America and there needs to be increased awareness of its role and its availability within the pediatric community. Apheresis has been used particularly in children with certain renal diseases, notably ANCA-associated nephritis, anti-GBM disease, and atypical HUS. In addition, it can improve outcomes in transplantation of children with FSGS and can be part of a pre-transplant strategy for children who are highly sensitized and at high risk for graft failure.