Relative extrinsic stain removal effectiveness of a new battery-powered toothbrush and a flat trim manual toothbrush.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the stain removal efficacy of two different toothbrush designs using a laboratory stained pellicle test with seven different dentifrices. METHODS: The toothbrushes were a prototype powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush Pro Whitening) and an ADA reference manual toothbrush, as a control. The dentifrices used in the study were: Crest Dual Action Whitening (Cool Mint), Crest Extra Whitening with Tartar Control (Clean Mint), Crest MultiCare Whitening (Fresh Mint), Colgate Total, Colgate Total Plus Whitening, Arm & Hammer Advance White with Tartar Control and Rembrandt Plus with Active Dental Peroxide. This was a randomized, parallel group study that examined stain removal with a novel toothbrushing configuration adapted for powered and manual toothbrushes. Stain was scored before and after brushing for two consecutive, 1-minute periods using digital image analysis. The mean change in L* was statistically compared between toothbrushes with ANCOVA. Labial enamel specimens were obtained from bovine permanent incisors and these specimens were subjected to a laboratory staining process until the L* values for the samples were in the range of 35-45. Digital images for CIE L*a*b* analysis were captured using a high-resolution digital camera under standard polarized lighting conditions. Based on the L* values, the enamel specimens were divided into 14 groups of nine specimens each. RESULTS: Baseline L* values ranged from 40.62 to 41.38 for the 14 toothbrush/dentifrice combinations. The change in L* (post-brushing minus baseline), denoted as deltaL*, was calculated for each specimen and the resulting data were subjected to a two-way ANCOVA. Toothbrush type and dentifrice type were the two terms in the model, and baseline L* was the covariate. Pairwise tests were performed on the adjusted means in order to compare the stain removal efficacy of the two toothbrushes for each of the seven dentifrices evaluated. The powered toothbrush resulted in statistically significantly greater deltaL* values (all P < or = 0.006) than the manual toothbrush for every dentifrice tested. The deltaL* values for dentifrices used with the powered toothbrush were from 66.0-164.2% higher than for the same dentifrice used with the manual toothbrush.

Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects in gingival crevicular fluid from re-dosing during brushing.

The IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest combines a rechargeable sonic power toothbrush and a novel liquid toothpaste into one integrated system, providing the opportunity to re-dose with toothpaste during the brushing cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate cleaning effects from in-mouth re-dosing with toothpaste during the brushing cycle vs conventional bolus dosing. This was a randomized, examiner-blind, six-period, crossover clinical study. Eighteen adult subjects used an experimental integrated system employing either a re-dosing regimen (2 doses at the start of brushing with 1 additional in-mouth dose during the last 30 seconds of brushing [2+1]) or a conventional regimen (2 doses at the start of brushing only [2+0]). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was sampled at the final brushing quadrant from a preselected site in the gingival sulcus using filter strips at baseline and at 4, 15, and 120 minutes postbrushing. Mean change from baseline in the concentrations of total facultative anaerobes (TFAs) and gram-negative anaerobes (GNAs) in the GCF at 120 minutes posttreatment were modeled separately using general linear mixed models. Area under the curve of surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]) in GCF over 2 hours postbrushing was calculated and modeled using an analysis of variance model. All hypotheses were tested 2-sided at the 5% significance level. Relative to the conventional regimen, the re-dosing (2+1) regimen produced a significantly greater reduction in log10 (TFA colony-forming units [CFU]/microL GCF) after brushing, 0.99+/-0.12 vs 0.65+/-0.12 (mean change +/- standard error), and a significantly greater reduction in log10 (GNA CFU/microL GCF) after brushing, 0.75 +/-0.14 vs 0.45 +/- 0.14. The re-dosing regimen led to significantly more SDS in GCF relative to the conventional regimen over the 2-hour time period. Re-dosing of liquid toothpaste during the brushing cycle with the IntelliClean System leads to a significantly increased cleaning effect, as defined by a reduced bacterial count in GCF, and significantly higher levels of surfactant in the GCF up to 2 hours after the brushing event.

A clinical study to assess the breath protection efficacy of denture adhesive.

This randomized and controlled, examiner-blind, 3-period, crossover clinical trial was designed to determine the effect of an experimental denture adhesive, a marketed denture adhesive (European Fixodent( Fresh), or no denture adhesive on the breath odor of 37 adults wearing full maxillary and mandibular dentures. Breath quality was measured at baseline and at 3 and 6 hours after the start of each treatment period via monitoring of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) using a halimeter and second-person organoleptic grading. A 48-hour washout phase separated treatment periods. There were no statistically significant differences in VSCs between any of the treatment regimens over 6 hours. Both the denture adhesive treatments were superior in breath quality improvement in organoleptic scores compared to no denture adhesive at 3 and 6 hours (p=0.0001). This research demonstrates the ability of both an experimental and marketed denture adhesive to deliver superior second-person breath benefits relative to no adhesive. The results indicate that Fixodent denture adhesives provide the denture wearer with a noticeable improvement in breath.

The relative cleaning effectiveness of manual and powered toothbrushes.

Recently, a number of new low-cost powered toothbrushes have been marketed globally. Assessment of their cleaning capability in vitro is now becoming manageable with novel configurations of new brushing machines, which allow for the conventional brushing action and added device action. In this study, the in vitro stain removal efficiency of two marketed powered toothbrushes (Crest SpinBrush and Dr. Best Battery), a new prototype (Crest SpinBrush Pro) and two manual toothbrushes (Oral-B Indicator Soft and Oral-B CrossAction) was evaluated using a different brushing technique as a modification of the laboratory testing method developed by Stookey and associates at Indiana University Oral Health Research Institute. This was a randomized, parallel-group design study that examined stain removal with a novel toothbrushing configuration adapted for powered and manual toothbrushes. Stain was scored before and after brushing for two consecutive one-minute periods using digital image analysis. The mean change in L* was statistically compared among toothbrushes with analysis of covariance. The mean baseline stain scores ranged from 36.3-40.2 for the five toothbrush treatment groups. There was statistically significant evidence of imbalance with respect to baseline mean L* (p = 0.006), ranging from 36.3 for the CrossAction brush to 40.2 for the Crest SpinBrush Pro. Baseline stain imbalance was addressed with the ANCOVA statistical model which adjusts for baseline L*, effectively comparing all treatments at the same baseline stain level. Baseline L* was not statistically significant (p > 0.1) in the ANCOVA model at one or two minutes. With respect to all surfaces examined, the new prototype powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush Pro) delivered an adjusted (via analysis of covariance) mean L* reduction of 14.4 and 22.0 at the end of the first and second brushing periods, respectively, while the four remaining toothbrushes delivered adjusted mean L* reductions ranging from 5.6-8.6 and 9.4-13.3 at the end of the first and second brushing periods, respectively. These results represent 67-157% for the first brushing period, and 65-134% for the second brushing period greater stain removal for the new prototype powered toothbrush. Overall, the new prototype powered toothbrush had statistically significantly greater stain removal (p < 0.001) than all other toothbrushes tested. The results, using this powered toothbrush-compatible brushing machine configuration, show that the new prototype powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush Pro) produced statistically significantly enhanced stain removal efficiency relative to the four other toothbrushes, including Crest SpinBrush and Dr. Best powered toothbrushes. The newly configured brushing machine delivered a robust method for separating statistically significant in vitro differences for the complex cleaning action of powered toothbrushes.

Electron Transfer in Mixed-Valence [Fe(III)(2)Fe(II)O(O(2)CCH(3))(6)(3-Cl-py)(3)].3-Cl-py: Effects of a Crystallographic Phase Transition and Conversion of Solvate and Ligand Molecules from Statically Disordered to Dynamically Disordered on the Valence Detrapping.

A crystallographic phase transition involving changes in the solvate molecule has been found for mixed-valence [Fe(3)O(O(2)CCH(3))(6)(3-Cl-py)(3)].3-Cl-py (1), where 3-Cl-py is 3-chloropyridine. Single-crystal X-ray structures were determined at 300, 228, 200, 169, and 122 K for complex 1. At 300, 228, and 200 K the crystal is monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, whereas at 169 and 122 K it is triclinic, space group P&onemacr;. Determinations of the unit cell parameters at several temperatures shows that a reversible crystallographic phase transition between the monoclinic and triclinic forms occurs at approximately 200 K. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c at 300 K, having a unit cell with a = 21.212(8) Å, b = 8.434(2) Å, c = 23.676(3) Å, and Z = 4. Refinement with 5702 observed [F(o) > 4sigma(F(o))] reflections gave R = 0.0542 and R(w) = 0.0937. Complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P&onemacr; at 122 K, having a unit cell with a = 20.983(11) Å, b = 8.360(4) Å, c = 23.293(10) Å, and Z = 4. At 300 K there is one somewhat asymmetric Fe(3)O complex in the structure. The core dimensions in the Fe(3)O complex at 300 K indicate that the complex is becoming almost valence-detrapped. At 122 K there are two different Fe(3)O complexes in the unit cell, both of which are similar in dimensions. As the temperature is decreased from 300 to 122 K, each Fe(3)O complex becomes more and more distorted in an equilateral triangle. At 122 K one iron ion in each Fe(3)O complex clearly is a high-spin Fe(II) ion and the other two are high-spin Fe(III) ions. There are significant changes in the nature of the 3-Cl-py solvate molecules above and below the phase transition that are likely important in controlling the valence detrapping. At 122 K there are two different Fe(3)O complexes, each with their nearby 3-Cl-py solvate molecules in one position. There are three different phases: a monoclinic one with all solvate molecules disordered, a second triclinic phase at 169 K with half of the solvate molecules disordered, and a third triclinic phase at 122 K with all solvate molecules statically ordered. (57)Fe Mössbauer spectra taken in the 110-293 K range show that complex 1 converts from valence-trapped at 110 K to become detrapped by 293 K, where a single quadrupole-split doublet is seen. Throughout the 140-230 K range it was necessary to employ one Fe(III) doublet and two Fe(II) doublets to fit each Mössbauer spectrum. It is shown that the two Fe(II) doublets likely arise from Fe(3)O complexes experiencing the different disordered solvate environments described above. Thus, while the approximately 200 K structural phase transition involving the solvate molecules does not precipitously lead to an increase in the rate of electron transfer in Fe(3)O complexes in 1, it is clear that the changes seen in the solvate molecules from X-ray structures do play a major role in the valence detrapping in complex 1.