Stress indicators in minorities with multiple sclerosis.

Black Americans with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience higher levels of disease-related disability compared to White Americans (Marrie et al., 2006). Comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, which are underdiagnosed and undertreated in this population, negatively impact quality of life and treatment outcomes for people living with multiple sclerosis (plwMS) (D'Alisa et al., 2006; Marrie et al., 2009; Stepleman et al., 2014). Acts of discrimination toward Black Americans is associated with stress, which is a contributing factor for depression (Carter, 2017; Nadimpalli, 2015; Williams and Mohammed, 2009). This study compared the severity of multiple sclerosis symptoms amongst Black Americans and White Americans, and whether worsened MS symptoms in Black Americans are associated with increased experiences of discrimination. Data was analyzed from 143 plwMS in the Stress Indicators in Minorities with Multiple Sclerosis (SiMMS) study. Using the Mann-Whitney U test, significant differences were found on the NIH Emotional Distress - Anxiety measure (U = 1466.500, p = 0.045) and NIH Sleep Disturbance measure (U = 1467.000, p = 0.044) between the Black participant and the White participant groups. Discrimination was significantly correlated with both NIH Emotional Distress - Anxiety (r = 0.677, p < .001) and NIH Sleep Disturbance (r = 0.446, p = .007) in Black MS individuals. Additionally, several physiological condition and psychological outcome measures were correlated with the NIH Emotional Distress - Anxiety and NIH Sleep Disturbance measures. This study contributes to literature highlighting the negative impacts of discrimination and race related stress on the physical and mental health of Black Americans.

Anticipatory racism stress, smoking and disease activity: the Black women's experiences living with lupus (BeWELL) study.

African American women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have worse disease outcomes compared to their White counterparts. Stressors associated with race may contribute to poorer health in this population through maladaptive behavioral pathways. This study investigated relationships between stress associated with anticipating racism, smoking, and SLE disease activity. Data were from 432 African American women with SLE in the Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus (BeWELL) Study. Controlling for sociodemographic and health-related covariates, multivariable regression analyses revealed a significant association between anticipatory racism stress (ARS) and disease activity (p = 0.00, b = 1.13, 95% CI [0.43, 1.82]). A significant interaction between ARS and smoking also indicated that smoking exacerbated the effect of ARS on disease activity (p = 0.04, b = 1.95, CI = 0.04, 3.96). Test for evidence of smoking mediating the effect of ARS on disease activity were not statistically significant (z = 1.77, p = 0.08). Findings have implications for future SLE disparities research among African American women with SLE.

Pathways linking census tract typologies with subjective neighborhood disorder and depressive symptoms in the Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus (BeWELL) Study.

Depression is a common comorbidity among Black women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an understudied autoimmune disease characterized by major racial and gender inequities. Research is needed that examines how area-level factors influence risk of depression in this population. Latent profile analysis revealed four neighborhood typologies among metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia census tracts that participants (n=438) in the Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus (BeWELL) Study were living in: Integrated/High-SES, Moderately Segregated/Mid-SES, Highly Segregated/Mid-SES, and Highly Segregated/Low-SES. Structural equation models indicated that highly segregated census tracts were associated with the greatest levels of depression via increased subjective assessments of neighborhood disorder. Policies that invest in segregated areas and address physical and social aspects of the environment that contribute to neighborhood disorder may promote mental health among Black women with SLE.

The hurdles are high: Women of color leaders in counseling psychology.

Counseling psychologists value cultural diversity and, as a field, include many Women of Color (WoC) in leadership spaces. However, researchers have yet to explore the experiences of WoC leaders within the Society of Counseling Psychology (SCP; Division 17 of the American Psychological Association). Specifically, we sought to identify how WoC leaders engage culturally relevant leadership styles and what barriers (if any) WoC leaders experience within leadership in SCP. We utilized a semistructured interview protocol with 10 WoC who have held and/or currently hold a leadership position within SCP. We sought to construct a narrative of the development of leadership spaces for WoC, understand the culturally relevant leadership styles of WoC leaders and the barriers to engaging their leadership styles in SCP, and create recommendations for SCP to broaden and deepen leadership pathways for WoC. We coded the data using the Consensual Qualitative Research method and identified two major thematic sections: Becoming a WoC Leader (with themes of Identity, Role of Sponsorship, Mentorship from WoC Leaders, and Hurdles of Service Leadership) and Leadership Styles of WoC (with themes of Self-Awareness in Leadership, Intentionality, and Engaging Critical Conversations). We conclude with recommendations from the leaders and implications for SCP and leadership spaces broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Racism-related stress and psychological distress: Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus study.

Disparate health consequences in African American women with systemic lupus erythematosus include greater severity of physical and psychological distress. Racism-related stress is also related to psychological distress correlates in this population. This study examined the relationships between racism-related experiences, psychological distress, and systemic lupus erythematosus activity in 430 African American women from the Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus study. The structural equation model suggests that psychological distress mediates the relationship between racism-related stress and systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity. The impact of racism-related stress on systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity may occur primarily through their impact on psychological health variables. Implications for clinical care and future directions are explored.

Vicarious Racism Stress and Disease Activity: the Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus (BeWELL) Study.

BACKGROUND: Indirect or vicarious exposure to racism (e.g., hearing about or observing acts of racism or discrimination) is a salient source of stress for African Americans. Emerging research suggests that these "secondhand" experiences of racism may contribute to racial health inequities through stress-mediated pathways. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that disproportionately impacts African American women and is characterized by racial disparities in severity. Health outcomes in this population may be susceptible to vicarious racism given that SLE is shown to be sensitive to psychosocial stress. METHODS: Data are from 431 African American women with SLE living in Atlanta, Georgia in the Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus (BeWELL) Study (2015-2017). Vicarious racism stress was measured with four items assessing distress from (1) hearing about racism in the news; (2) experiences of racism among friends or family; (3) witnessing racism in public; and (4) racism depicted in movies and television shows. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations with disease activity measured using the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS: Adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related covariates, vicarious racism stress was associated with greater disease activity (b = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.04-3.27). This association persisted even after adjustment for personal experiences of racial discrimination (b = 1.80; 95% CI = 0.67-2.92). CONCLUSIONS: Vicarious racism may result in heightened disease activity and contribute to racial disparities in SLE. Our findings suggest that acts of racism committed against members of one's racial group may have distinct health consequences beyond the immediate victim or target.

Racial Discrimination, Disease Activity, and Organ Damage: The Black Women's Experiences Living With Lupus (BeWELL) Study.

Black women are disproportionately affected by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic, potentially debilitating autoimmune disease, and they also experience more rapid progression and worse outcomes compared with other groups. We examined if racial discrimination is associated with disease outcomes among 427 black women with a validated diagnosis of SLE, who live in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area, and were recruited to the Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus Study (2015-2017). Frequency of self-reported experiences of racial discrimination in domains such as employment, housing, and medical settings was assessed using the Experiences of Discrimination measure. SLE activity in the previous 3 months, including symptoms of fatigue, fever, skin rashes, and ulcers, was measured using the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire; irreversible damage to an organ or system was measured using the Brief Index of Lupus Damage. Results of multivariable linear regression analyses examining the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire and log-transformed Brief Index of Lupus Damage scores indicated that increasing frequency of racial discrimination was associated with greater SLE activity (b = 2.00, 95% confidence interval: 1.32, 2.68) and organ damage (b = 0.08, 95% confidence interval: 0.02, 0.13). Comprehensive efforts to address disparities in SLE severity should include policies that address issues of racial discrimination.

Family food and shape messages: Capturing the experiences of African-American women.

Four studies explored the family food experiences (FFEs) of African-American (AA) in relation to disordered eating and body image concerns. Focus groups of AA women expressed FFEs that shaped their relationships with food (Study 1). We used the resulting framework to create a measure assessing FFEs related to disordered eating (Family Food Experiences-Black Questionnaire; FFBQ). Measure items were subjected to a content analysis (Study 2). Subject matter experts rated ten items essential (CVR ≥ 0.62, p < 0.05). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the 10-item FFBQ in a sample of AA (N = 66) women (Study 3). The two-factor model explained 41.14% of the variance in the items (Χ2 = 25.04, df = 26, p = 0.52. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the FFBQ in a new sample of AA women (N = 167) to confirm the factor structure. The EFA yielded two subscales: a Traditional Thin-Ideal (TTI) and a Curvy Ideal (CI) subscale (reflecting messages that emphasize valuation of curves). These subscales were confirmed by CFA in a second sample of AA women with modifications to two items (Χ2 = 32.63, Χ2/df = 2.04). Disordered eating was positively correlated with messages reflecting both ideals while only messages reflecting the Curvy Ideal was related to body image disturbance. Implications include a need for further study of the duality of body ideal messages and the impact on body image/disordered eating disturbance in AA women.