ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The etiology of idiopathic adhesive capsulitis (IAC) of the shoulder is poorly understood. In this case control study, we examine potential risk factors for the development of IAC. METHODS: Consecutive patients who presented to the senior author with IAC between 2000 and 2009 were included retrospectively in this case control study. Complete data were available for 87 patients. An age- and sex-matched group of 176 patients who presented to the same practice during the same time period with non-shoulder related orthopedic complaints were recruited as the control group. Health records and patient-completed questionnaires were utilized to identify comorbidities and other risk factors. RESULTS: Bivariate analyses demonstrated that diabetes, hypothyroidism, a lower body weight, a lower body mass index (BMI), and a positive family history of IAC were all risk factors for IAC. Diabetes, BMI, and positive family history of IAC remained independent variables with multivariate logistic regression analyses. There was a trend towards increased incidence of Dupuytren's disease in those with IAC, but this was not statistically significant. With regard to racial predilection, being born in the British Isles or having parents/grandparents born in the British Isles were risk factors for IAC. CONCLUSION: We confirm diabetes as an independent predictor of IAC. In addition, we identify a possible racial predilection for the development of IAC. Future research is needed to confirm whether a specific genetic component or environmental factors is responsible.
Subject(s)
Body Mass Index , Bursitis/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Shoulder Joint/physiopathology , Age Distribution , Aged , Bursitis/physiopathology , Case-Control Studies , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Incidence , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Odds Ratio , Reference Values , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Severity of Illness Index , Sex Distribution , Shoulder Pain/diagnosis , Shoulder Pain/etiology , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Patients who have undergone reconstruction of bladder extrophy can have an extremely short penis, which can be functionally and psychologically debilitating. Penile reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap has the potential to provide these patients with improved genital appearance and sexual function. Quality of life after penile reconstruction is an important outcome measure in evaluation of the procedure. METHODS: We describe five patients who underwent total penile reconstruction with radial forearm free flaps and interview them with a quality of life questionnaire. RESULTS: Responses were overwhelmingly positive with regard to improved self-image as well as sexual function. CONCLUSIONS: This series supports the overwhelmingly positive change in quality of life to be gained with radial forearm free flap penile reconstruction for patients with an extremely short native penis in the adult exstrophy patient.
