The link between dissociative tendencies and hyperassociativity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anecdotal and research evidence suggests that individuals with dissociative symptoms exhibit hyperassociativity, which might explain several key features of their condition. The aim of our study was to investigate the link between dissociative tendencies and hyperassociativity among college students. METHODS: The study (n = 118) entailed various measures of hyperassociativity, measures of dissociative tendencies, depressive experiences, unusual sleep experiences, cognitive failures, and alexithymia. RESULTS: We found a positive association between dissociative experiences (i.e., depersonalization) and hyperassociativity specific for associative fluency and associative flexibility tasks (including neutral and valenced material), but not for a remote association task. We also found tentative evidence for cognitive failures and alexithymia explaining the link between hyperassociativity and daytime dissociation and nighttime unusual sleep experiences. LIMITATIONS: Limitations include the use of hyperassociation tasks limited to verbal associations vs. imagistic associations, the lack of a measure of trauma history, and a sample limited to college students. CONCLUSION: Our study reports a link between depersonalization and hyperassociativity on tasks that allow for free associations across different semantic domains, potentially explained by alexithymia and cognitive failures. This finding may, with replication, open the pathway to applied intervention studies.

Inducing dissociation and schizotypal experiences through "vision-deforming" glasses.

Derealization, depersonalization and schizotypal experiences are described as separate concepts but they can be hard to distinguish. One way to show the uniqueness of these concepts is by showing a dissociation between these experiences. The aim of this study was to experimentally induce derealization without inducing depersonalization or schizotypal experiences. Healthy participants watched a neutral video in one of four conditions: (1) with stroboscopic light, (2) while wearing deforming glasses, (3) with stroboscopic light and while wearing "vision deforming glasses" or (4) without any manipulation. The results show that the "vision deforming" glasses induced derealization without inducing depersonalization but not without inducing schizotypal experiences. The stroboscopic light showed no significant effect, nor was there a significant interaction between the stroboscopic light and the deforming glasses. The results indicate that using "vision deforming" glasses as a manipulation method can show a single dissociation between derealization and depersonalization but cannot dissociate derealization from state schizotypy. This association between derealization and schizotypal experiences might be helpful in understanding the high comorbidity rate between dissociative disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.