ABSTRACT
Two main types of cortical terminals have been identified in the cat thalamus. Large (type II) have been proposed to drive the response properties of thalamic cells while smaller (type I) are believed to modulate those properties. Among the cat's visual cortical areas, the anterior ectosylvian visual area (AEV) is considered as one of the highest areas in the hierarchical organization of the visual system. Whereas the connections from the AEV to the thalamus have been recognized, their nature (type I or II) is presently not known. In this study, we assessed and compared the relative contribution of type I and type II inputs to thalamic nuclei originating from the AEV. The anterograde tracer BDA was injected in the AEV of five animals. Results show that (1) both type I and II terminals from AEV are present in the Lateral Posterior- Pulvinar complex, the lateral median suprageniculate complex and the medial and dorsal geniculate nuclei (2) type I terminals significantly outnumber the type II terminals in almost all nuclei studied. Our results indicate that neurons in the AEV are more likely to modulate response properties in the thalamus rather than to determine basic organization of receptive fields of thalamic cells.
Subject(s)
Cats , Thalamus/ultrastructure , Animals , Brain Mapping , Cats/anatomy & histology , Neural Pathways/ultrastructure , Pulvinar/ultrastructure , Thalamic Nuclei/ultrastructure , Visual Cortex/ultrastructureABSTRACT
NMDA glutamate receptors have key roles in brain development, function and dysfunction. Regulatory roles of D-serine in NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity have been reported. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether and how neonatal deficits in NMDA-receptor-mediated neurotransmission affect adult brain functions and behavior. Likewise, the role of D-serine during development remains elusive. Here we report behavioral and electrophysiological deficits associated with the frontal cortex in Pick1 knockout mice, which show D-serine deficits in a neonatal- and forebrain-specific manner. The pathological manifestations observed in adult Pick1 mice are rescued by transient neonatal supplementation of D-serine, but not by a similar treatment in adulthood. These results indicate a role for D-serine in neurodevelopment and provide novel insights on how we interpret data of psychiatric genetics, indicating the involvement of genes associated with D-serine synthesis and degradation, as well as how we consider animal models with neonatal application of NMDA receptor antagonists.
Subject(s)
Mental Disorders , Nuclear Proteins/deficiency , Serine/therapeutic use , Signal Transduction/genetics , 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology , Action Potentials/drug effects , Action Potentials/genetics , Age Factors , Animals , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Cell Cycle Proteins , Disease Models, Animal , Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/therapeutic use , Exploratory Behavior/drug effects , Frontal Lobe/pathology , Maze Learning/drug effects , Mental Disorders/drug therapy , Mental Disorders/genetics , Mental Disorders/prevention & control , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Motor Activity/drug effects , Motor Activity/genetics , Neurons/drug effects , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Prepulse Inhibition/drug effects , Prepulse Inhibition/genetics , Serine/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Swimming/psychology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The lateral posterior (LP) nucleus is a higher order thalamic nucleus that is believed to play a key role in the transmission of visual information between cortical areas. Two types of cortical terminals have been identified in higher order nuclei, large (type II) and smaller (type I), which have been proposed to drive and modulate, respectively, the response properties of thalamic cells (Sherman and Guillery [1998] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:7121-7126). The aim of this study was to assess and compare the relative contribution of driver and modulator inputs to the LP nucleus that originate from the posteromedial part of the lateral suprasylvian cortex (PMLS) and area 17. To achieve this goal, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) were injected into area 17 or PMLS. Results indicate that area 17 injections preferentially labelled large terminals, whereas PMLS injections preferentially labelled small terminals. A detailed analysis of PMLS terminal morphology revealed at least four categories of terminals: small type I terminals (57%), medium-sized to large singletons (30%), large terminals in arrangements of intermediate complexity (8%), and large terminals that form arrangements resembling rosettes (5%). Ultrastructural analysis and postembedding immunocytochemical staining for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) distinguished two types of labelled PMLS terminals: small profiles with round vesicles (RS profiles) that contacted mostly non-GABAergic dendrites outside of glomeruli and large profiles with round vesicles (RL profiles) that contacted non-GABAergic dendrites (55%) and GABAergic dendritic terminals (45%) in glomeruli. RL profiles likely include singleton, intermediate, and rosette terminals, although future studies are needed to establish definitively the relationship between light microscopic morphology and ultrastructural features. All terminals types appeared to be involved in reciprocal corticothalamocortical connections as a result of an intermingling of terminals labelled by anterograde transport and cells labelled by retrograde transport. In conclusion, our results indicate that the origin of the driver inputs reaching the LP nucleus is not restricted to the primary visual cortex and that extrastriate visual areas might also contribute to the basic organization of visual receptive fields of neurons in this higher order nucleus.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Cortex/physiology , Cerebral Cortex/ultrastructure , Presynaptic Terminals/physiology , Presynaptic Terminals/ultrastructure , Pulvinar/physiology , Pulvinar/ultrastructure , Animals , Cats , Cerebral Cortex/chemistry , Nerve Net/chemistry , Nerve Net/physiology , Nerve Net/ultrastructure , Neural Pathways/chemistry , Neural Pathways/cytology , Neural Pathways/physiology , Presynaptic Terminals/chemistry , Pulvinar/chemistry , Synapses/chemistry , Synapses/physiology , Synapses/ultrastructure , Thalamus/chemistry , Thalamus/physiology , Thalamus/ultrastructureABSTRACT
In the retina of mammals, dopamine (DA) is generally released by amacrine cells and is known to alter the physiology of most retinal cells. It is well known that DA reduces the amplitude of the b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG) in rabbit. However, the specific receptor subtypes that mediate this action have not yet been elucidated. To do this, we recorded flash ERGs before and after the intravitreal injection of D1-like DA receptor agonists (SKF38393, A77693) and antagonist (SCH23390), and of D2-like agonist (R(-)-propylnorapomorphine hydrochloride; NPA) and antagonist ((S)-(-)-sulpiride). Contralateral control eyes were injected with the vehicle only. Both D1 agonists provoked a reduction of the ERG b-wave amplitude (34.0% and 59.2% of the pre-injection level, respectively). The D2-like agonist NPA had no significant effects on ERG components. Unexpectedly, both D1- and D2-like antagonists also reduced the b-wave amplitude (28.9% and 59.8%). Overall, these data suggest that the previously described effect of DA on the rabbit ERG b-wave came from activation of D1-like receptors. On the basis of the effects observed with D2-like antagonist, a subtle contribution of D2-like presynaptic receptors cannot be ruled out.
