Pathogenicity of the H1N1 influenza virus enhanced by functional synergy between the NPV100I and NAD248N pair.

By comparing and measuring covariations of viral protein sequences from isolates of the 2009 pH1N1 influenza A virus (IAV), specific substitutions that co-occur in the NP-NA pair were identified. To investigate the effect of these co-occurring substitution pairs, the V100I substitution in NP and the D248N substitution in NA were introduced into laboratory-adapted WSN IAVs. The recombinant WSN with the covarying NPV100I-NAD248N pair exhibited enhanced pathogenicity, as characterized by increased viral production, increased death and inflammation of host cells, and high mortality in infected mice. Although direct interactions between the NPV100I and NAD248N proteins were not detected, the RNA-binding ability of NPV100I was increased, which was further strengthened by NAD248N, in expression-plasmid-transfected cells. Additionally, the NAD248N protein was frequently recruited within lipid rafts, indirectly affecting the RNA-binding ability of NP as well as viral release. Altogether, our data indicate that the covarying NPV100I-NAD248N pair obtained from 2009 pH1N1 IAV sequence information function together to synergistically augment viral assembly and release, which may explain the observed enhanced viral pathogenicity.

Protein grafting of p53TAD onto a leucine zipper scaffold generates a potent HDM dual inhibitor.

Reactivation of the p53 pathway by a potential therapeutic antagonist, which inhibits HDM2 and HDMX, is an attractive strategy for drug development in oncology. Developing blockers towards conserved hydrophobic pockets of both HDMs has mainly focused on small synthetic compounds; however, this approach has proved challenging. Here we describe an approach to generate a potent HDM dual inhibitor, p53LZ2, by rational protein grafting of the p53 transactivation domain onto a homodimeric leucine zipper. p53LZ2 shows tight binding affinity to both HDMs compared with wild-type p53 in vitro. X-ray crystallographic, comparative modelling and small-angle X-ray scattering studies of p53LZ2-HDM complexes show butterfly-shaped structures. A cell-permeable TAT-p53LZ2 effectively inhibits the cancer cell growth in wild-type but not mutant p53 by arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in vitro. Thus, p53LZ2, designed by rational grafting, shows a potential therapeutic approach against cancer.

Model-based simulation and prediction of an antiviral strategy against influenza A infection.

There is a strong need to develop novel strategies in using antiviral agents to efficiently treat influenza infections. Thus, we constructed a rule-based mathematical model that reflects the complicated interactions of the host immunity and viral life cycle and analyzed the key controlling steps of influenza infections. The main characteristics of the pandemic and seasonal influenza strains were estimated using parameter values derived from cells infected with Influenza A/California/04/2009 and Influenza A/NewCaledonia/20/99, respectively. The quantitative dynamics of the infected host cells revealed a more aggressive progression of the pandemic strain than the seasonal strain. The perturbation of each parameter in the model was then tested for its effects on viral production. In both the seasonal and pandemic strains, the inhibition of the viral release (kC), the reinforcement of viral attachment (kV), and an increased transition rate of infected cells into activated cells (kI) exhibited significant suppression effects on the viral production; however, these inhibitory effects were only observed when the numerical perturbations were performed at the early stages of the infection. In contrast, combinatorial perturbations of both the inhibition of viral release and either the reinforcement of the activation of infected cells or the viral attachment exhibited a significant reduction in the viral production even at a later stage of infection. These results suggest that, in addition to blocking the viral release, a combination therapy that also enhances either the viral attachment or the transition of the infected cells might provide an alternative for effectively controlling progressed influenza infection.

Biphasic RLR-IFN-ß response controls the balance between antiviral immunity and cell damage.

In RNA virus-infected cells, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs) sense foreign RNAs and activate signaling cascades to produce IFN-α/ß. However, not every infected cell produces IFN-α/ß that exhibits cellular heterogeneity in antiviral immune responses. Using the IFN-ß-GFP reporter system, we observed bimodal IFN-ß production in the uniformly stimulated cell population with intracellular dsRNA. Mathematical simulation proposed the strength of autocrine loop via RLR as one of the contributing factor for biphasic IFN-ß expression. Bimodal IFN-ß production with intracellular dsRNA was disturbed by blockage of IFN-α/ß secretion or by silencing of the IFN-α/ß receptor. Amplification of RLRs was critical in the generation of bimodality of IFN-ß production, because IFN-ß(high) population expressed more RLRs than IFN-ß(low) population. In addition, bimodality in IFN-ß production results in biphasic cellular response against infection, because IFN-ß(high) population was more prone to apoptosis than IFN-ß(low) population. These results suggest that RLR-mediated biphasic cellular response may act to restrict the number of cells expressing IFN-ß and undergoing apoptosis in the infected population.