ABSTRACT
In Europe, regions in the Mediterranean area share common characteristics in terms of high sensitivity to climate change impacts. Does this translate into specificities regarding climate action that could arise from these Mediterranean characteristics? This paper sheds light on regional and local climate mitigation actions of the Mediterranean Europe, focusing on the plans to reduce greenhouse gases emissions in a representative sample of 51 regions and 73 cities across 9 Mediterranean countries (Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain). The study investigates: (i) the availability of local and regional mitigation plans, (ii) their goals in term of greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets on the short and medium-long term, and (iii) the impact of transnational climate networks on such local and regional climate mitigation planning. Results of this study indicate an uneven and fragmented planning, that shows a Mediterranean West-East divide, and a link with population size. However, overall, both regional and city action seem insufficiently ambitious with regards to meeting the Paris Agreement, at least at city level. While national frameworks are currently weak in influencing regional and local actions, transnational networks seem to be engaging factors for commitment (at city level) and ambitiousness (at regional level). The uneven and fragmented progress revealed by this study, does not align with the characteristics shared by investigated regions and cities in terms of environmental, socio-political, climatic and economic conditions. The results support the call of a common green deal at the Mediterranean level to further address specific Mediterranean challenges and related needs. This will allow to capitalise on available resources, generate local-specific knowledge, build capacities, and support Mediterranean regions and cities in preparing the next generation of more ambitious mitigation plans.
Subject(s)
Climate Change , Cities , Croatia , Cyprus , Europe , France , Greece , Italy , Mediterranean Region , Paris , Portugal , Slovenia , SpainABSTRACT
As recognized by the Paris Climate Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), local and subnational regions are crucial actors to achieve international mitigation and adaptation commitments. Scientific literature and empirical evidence point at multi-level climate governance as a crucial factor to engage subnational levels in the achievement of national and international objectives. This work focuses on the multi-level climate governance arrangements in Italy to investigate how Italian regions/provinces/cities are contributing to the achievement of national commitments. To this purpose, the paper undertakes a review of the climate policies of different tiers of government adopted to date and of the interrelationships among them. The results of the analysis show that the effective coordination between the different government levels should be strengthened to further incentivize and support initiatives at the local level. Results also show the relevant role played by international regional and city climate networks in boosting local and regional climate planning in Italy.
Subject(s)
Climate Change , Government , Cities , Italy , United NationsABSTRACT
The aim was to replace polyphosphate and caseinate by porcine blood plasma as functional ingredients in frankfurters. Three trials, each consisting of one control, formulated with caseinate and tripolyphosphate, and one test, formulated with plasma, were carried out in a pilot plant. The frankfurters with plasma were compared to their respective controls by determining the composition, water holding capacity, cooking losses, internal colour, texture, microstructure, sensorial characteristics, and overall acceptance. No significant differences were found in proximate analysis, WHC, and cooking losses. Texture was not affected by the replacement, according to both sensorial and instrumental measurements. Nevertheless, the panellists detected the presence of animal taste and odour in plasma-containing sausages. Despite this, their overall acceptance was scored as 6.3 in a 10 maximum scale, so plasma could be considered as an interesting alternative to produce healthier and cheaper frankfurters.
Subject(s)
Caseins/metabolism , Food Handling/methods , Food Preservation/methods , Meat Products , Plasma/chemistry , Polyphosphates/metabolism , Animals , Color , Consumer Behavior , Cooking , Odorants , Swine , TasteABSTRACT
Se estudiaron 87 puérperas a las que se les practicó ecografías para monitorizar la involución uterina a los días 1,2 y 3 del puerperio. Dieciocho de ellas fueron examinadas al 15- y 30- día postparto. La medición del área uterina ( x 1/2 largo x 1/2 ancho) aparece como el método más sensible para esta evaluación. El útero involuciona simétricamente y completa este proceso a los treinta días. No se apreciaron diferencias significativas en la involución uterina dependientes de la lactancia, paridad y uso de retractores uterinos
