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1.
Medisan ; 28(1)feb. 2024.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1558505

ABSTRACT

El proceso fisiológico de envejecimiento conlleva situaciones de riesgo y el deterioro acelerado de la salud; sin embargo, se detectan insuficiencias en la preparación del médico de la familia para la identificación y el tratamiento del anciano frágil. Por tal motivo, en este artículo se describen los referentes teóricos para la superación profesional sobre el síndrome de fragilidad en la atención primaria de salud. Se analizan criterios diagnósticos y manifestaciones clínicas de dicho síndrome, así como los requerimientos para la integración de los factores multidimensionales necesarios, que garanticen la calidad de la atención al paciente desde los puntos de vista integral e interdisciplinario.


The aging physiologic process leads to risk situations and quick deterioration of health; however, some inadequacies in the preparation of the family doctor for the identification and treatment of the fragile elderly are detected. For such a reason, in this work the theoretical referents for professional training on the fragility syndrome in primary health care are described. Diagnostic criteria and clinical manifestations of this syndrome are analyzed, as well as the requirements for the integration of the necessary multidimensional factors that guarantee quality of patient care from the integral and interdisciplinary points of view.

2.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 15(10): e0009910, 2021 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34710091

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: In 1993, Cuba achieved leprosy elimination according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) indicator of less than one case per 10,000 population. Despite this achievement, detection of new cases occurs every year among all age groups including children. Detection of new cases in children reveals persistent transmission of the infection. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and epidemiological features of leprosy in individuals younger than 15 years (childhood leprosy) reported to the Cuban National Leprosy Control Program (NLCP) between 2012 and 2019. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study between 2012 and 2019 to assess the clinical and epidemiologic features of individuals under the age of 15 years with a confirmed diagnosis of leprosy reported to the NLCP. We reviewed the NLCP database and collected data to better define the total number of cases of leprosy in adults, children (younger than 15 years). We assessed socio-demographic variables (age, gender, and province of residence) as well as variables of clinical interest including operational classification and staging at diagnosis, bacillary index, grade of disability by WHO staging. Additionally, we evaluated epidemiological variables including passive versus active surveillance of cases, contact investigation focusing specifically in household transmission, and the degree of kinship as well as standing of the child within the focus of transmission when there were additional cases. RESULTS: We identified fifty children during the study period corresponding to 3% of the overall cases of leprosy comprising all age groups in Cuba. In the age group younger than 15 years, the majorities of cases was from the Granma province and most were between the ages of 10 and 14 years. Clinically, multibacillary/lepromatous forms were the most common type identified with positive bacillary index. The majority of children diagnosed with leprosy during our study period had a history of a relative with a confirmed diagnosis of leprosy. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of cases of leprosy in individuals younger than 15 years of age in Cuba demonstrates ongoing transmission of M. leprae in specific geographic hotspots. Its frequency in the early adolescence, the predominant clinical forms, and the mode of detection associated with sources of suspected familiar infection demonstrated that there is a need for further efforts by the NLCP to conduct active surveillance activities among affected communities to identify cases of leprosy earlier with the goal of preventing further household and community transmission.


Subject(s)
Leprosy/epidemiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Contact Tracing , Cuba/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Leprosy/diagnosis , Leprosy/microbiology , Male , Mycobacterium leprae/genetics , Mycobacterium leprae/physiology , Retrospective Studies
3.
Fontilles, Rev. leprol ; 32(5): 303-317, mayo-ago. 2020. tab, graf, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-198458

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: identificar las afecciones oculares diagnosticadas en los pacientes con Lepra que asistieron a consulta oftalmológica en el servicio de Uveitis e Inflamaciones Oculares (SUIO) del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramon Pando Ferrer en el periodo 2017-2019. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo observacional en pacientes con diagnóstico de lepra quienes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión de la investigación. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, afecciones oftalmológicas y grado de discapacidad. RESULTADOS: predomino el sexo masculino y el grupo de edad entre 45-59 años, la mayoría de los pacientes se diagnosticaron tardíamente después del ano del comienzo de los síntomas, las afecciones oculares predominaron en el segmento anterior del ojo y se diagnosticaron cuatro pacientes con diferentes grados de discapacidad ocular. CONCLUSIONES: las afecciones oculares del segmento anterior son frecuentes en los pacientes con lepra, sobre todo en las formas lepromatosas y pueden aparecer en el momento del diagnóstico, durante o después del tratamiento. Muchas de las causas de afecciones oculares en los pacientes con lepra son prevenibles, es primordial garantizar la asistencia oftalmológica en los mismos


OBJECTIVE: to identify the ocular affections in patient with a diagnosis of leprosy in the department of Uveitis and Ocular (SUIO) Inflammations of the Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology Ramon Pando Ferrer during the period 2017-2019. METHODS: a prospective observational descriptive study in patients with diagnosis of leprosy who completed the admission or exclusion criteria of the investigation was carried out. The studied variables were age, sex, ophthalmological affections and grade of incapacity. RESULTS: The male gender and the age group among 45-59 years prevailed. Most of the patients were diagnosed belatedly after the year of the beginning of the symptoms, the ocular affections prevailed in the segment previous of the eye, and four patients were diagnosed with different grades of ocular discapacity. CONCLUSIONS: the ocular affections of the previous segment are frequent in the patients with leprosy, mainly in the lepromatous type of the disease and they can appear during the presentation of the patient and diagnosis or during or after the treatment. Many of the causes of ocular affections in the patients with leprosy can be prevented and the required ophthalmological care to avoid them must be provided


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Leprosy/complications , Eye Diseases/etiology , Eye Diseases/epidemiology , Leprosy/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Age and Sex Distribution , Leprosy/pathology , Severity of Illness Index , Cuba/epidemiology
4.
BMJ Paediatr Open ; 3(1): e000500, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31799450

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Children are believed to be the most vulnerable group to leprosy. Childhood leprosy reflects disease transmission in the community as well as the efficiency of ongoing disease control programmes. In Cuba, leprosy is not a national health problem; however, new childhood leprosy cases are diagnosed every year. OBJECTIVE: We summarise the experience of Cuba on childhood leprosy control over the past two decades. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2017, a total of 103 children in Cuba have been diagnosed with leprosy, showing that active transmission of cases remains in 13 of 15 provinces of Cuba. The majority of cases were multibacillary (66%), and 34% were paucibacillary cases. Clinically 60% of children have more than five lesions all over their body. Voluntary reporting was the principal method of case detection. The presence of familial and extrafamilial contact with leprosy cases may be a cause of concern, as it implies continuing transmission of the disease. Only four children had disabilities (one with grade 2 disabilities and three with grade 1 disabilities). A set of national investigations have been developed to intervene in a timely manner. Intervention strategies that combine clinical surveillance and laboratory test could be an option for early detection of childhood leprosy. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection of cases due to effective health education campaigns, regular and complete treatment with MDT, and contact tracing may be important in reducing the burden of leprosy in the community.

5.
Fontilles, Rev. leprol ; 31(3): 167-175, sept.-dic. 2017. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-170808

ABSTRACT

La lepra es una enfermedad incluida en el grupo de enfermedades desatendidas según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en Cuba la enfermedad dejó de ser un problema de salud desde 1993. En La Habana se notifican cada año casos de lepra de forma tardía con diferentes grados de discapacidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar a los enfermos notificados de lepra tardíamente en La Habana. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, descriptivo y retrospectivo de los casos de lepra diagnosticados tardíamente en la provincia entre 2008 y 2016, se incluyeron 96 casos a los cuales se revisó la Encuesta Epidemiológica para enfermos de lepra para evaluar variables como edad, sexo, tiempo transcurrido entre los primeros síntomas y el diagnóstico, grado de discapacidad al diagnóstico, formas clínicas y especialidades involucrados en el diagnóstico tardío. El grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 25 a 59 años, los municipios más afectados fueron Lisa y Arroyo Naranjo, predominó la forma clínica multibacilar, y la discapacidad grado ll se presentó en el 18% de los casos. Se evidenció la importancia de un diagnóstico precoz para evitar la aparición de discapacidades y que los municipios periféricos tienen la mayor posibilidad de diagnosticar casos tardíos


Leprosy is a disease included in the group of neglected diseases by The World Health Organization. In Cuba, the disease has ceased to be a health problem since 1993. In Havana, each year cases of late leprosy are reported with various grades of disability. The aim of this study was to characterize the behavior of patient whom reported with late leprosy in Havana. We conducted a longitudinal, descriptive and retrospective study of the leprosy cases diagnosed late in the province between 2008 and 2016. We included 96 cases in which the epidemiological survey for leprosy patients was carried out, variables such as age, sex, time elapsed between the first symptoms and the diagnosis, degree of disability at diagnosis, clinical forms, and specialties involved in the late diagnosis were evaluated. The most affected age group was between 25-59 years old, the most affected municipalities were Lisa and Arroyo Naranjo, the multibacillary clinical form predominated, and the grade II disability was present in 18% of the cases. The importance of an early diagnosis to avoid the appearance of disability in the patients was put in evidence by the series studied and the most peripheral municipalities are the one with the greatest possibility of diagnosing late cases


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Leprosy/epidemiology , Mycobacterium leprae/pathogenicity , Neglected Diseases/epidemiology , Delayed Diagnosis , Cuba/epidemiology , Leprosy, Multibacillary/epidemiology , Time-to-Treatment/trends , Disabled Persons
6.
Arch. méd. Camaguey ; 21(5): 631-638, set.-oct. 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-887718

ABSTRACT

Fundamento: para la salud pública y el desarrollo del mundo, las enfermedades como Dengue, Zika, Chikingunya, Fiebre amarrilla y rabia son reemergentes la mayoría de ellas son infecciones que han cruzado la barrera que existe entre las especies animales y los seres humanos. Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento de los focos rábicos en la provincia La Habana. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos de especie animal positivos a rabia, examinados en el Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de La Habana, desde el 2013 hasta el 2016. Se incluyó 51 muestras de cerebros de carnívoros, quirópteros y herbívoros estudiados en la provincia. Se empleó la técnica de inmunofluorescencia directa para el diagnóstico de rabia. La descripción de la positividad se realizó a partir de los sistemas de información Excel. Resultados: el municipio Boyeros con mayor índice de positividad seguido de Arroyo Naranjo, desplaza la rabia canina de casos positivos a la rabia por mangosta. Conclusiones: el mayor reporte de casos se notificó en el municipio periférico Boyeros ubicado al sur de la provincia La Habana y limítrofe con la provincia Artemisa.


Background: for the public health and world development diseases such as Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, Yellow fever and rabies are re-emergent and most of them are infections that have crossed the barrier that exists between animal species and humans. Objective: to analyze the behavior of rabies outbreaks in Havana province, from 2013 to 2016. Methods: a retrospective descriptive, observational study of rabies-positive animal species examined at the Provincial Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Havana was conducted from 2013 to 2016. 51 samples of brains from carnivores, bats, and herbivores studied in the province were included. The direct immunofluorescence technique was used for the diagnosis of rabies. The description of the positivity was carried out using the Excel information systems. Results: the municipality of Boyeros with the highest positivity index followed by Arroyo Naranjo, displaces canine rabies cases by mongoose. Conclusions: the largest report of cases was reported in Boyeros geographically located in the south Havana province and bordering with Artemisa province.

7.
Arch. méd. Camaguey ; 21(5)set.-oct. 2017.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-75126

ABSTRACT

Fundamento: para la salud pública y el desarrollo del mundo, las enfermedades como Dengue, Zika, Chikingunya, Fiebre amarrilla y rabia son reemergentes la mayoría de ellas son infecciones que han cruzado la barrera que existe entre las especies animales y los seres humanos.Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento de los focos rábicos en la provincia La Habana.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos de especie animal positivos a rabia, examinados en el Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de La Habana, desde el 2013 hasta el 2016. Se incluyó 51 muestras de cerebros de carnívoros, quirópteros y herbívoros estudiados en la provincia. Se empleó la técnica de inmunofluorescencia directa para el diagnóstico de rabia. La descripción de la positividad se realizó a partir de los sistemas de información Excel.Resultados: el municipio Boyeros con mayor índice de positividad seguido de Arroyo Naranjo, desplaza la rabia canina de casos positivos a la rabia por mangosta.Conclusiones: el mayor reporte de casos se notificó en el municipio periférico Boyeros ubicado al sur de la provincia La Habana y limítrofe con la provincia Artemisa(AU)


Background: for the public health and world development diseases such as Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, Yellow fever and rabies are re-emergent and most of them are infections that have crossed the barrier that exists between animal species and humans.Objective: to analyze the behavior of rabies outbreaks in Havana province, from 2013 to 2016.Methods: a retrospective descriptive, observational study of rabies-positive animal species examined at the Provincial Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Havana was conducted from 2013 to 2016. 51 samples of brains from carnivores, bats, and herbivores studied in the province were included. The direct immunofluorescence technique was used for the diagnosis of rabies. The description of the positivity was carried out using the Excel information systems.Results: the municipality of Boyeros with the highest positivity index followed by Arroyo Naranjo, displaces canine rabies cases by mongoose.Conclusions: the largest report of cases was reported in Boyeros geographically located in the south Havana province and bordering with Artemisa province(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies/microbiology , Rabies/veterinary , Rabies virus , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Observational Study , Retrospective Studies
8.
Fontilles, Rev. leprol ; 28(1): 17-22, ene.-abr. 2011.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-101068

ABSTRACT

Se desarrollaron dos modalidades del proceso centinela de lepra en cinco municipios de ciudad de La Habana y Camagüey. La modalidad I, abarcó la capacitación al personal de la atención primaria de salud, entrevistas a familiares y pacientes, y charlas educativas a la atención primaria de salud, entrevistas a familiares y pacientes, y charlas educativas a la población que acudía a los de policlínicos; la modalidad II, consistió en la capacitación de los profesionales y en la detección de niveles de anticuerpos contra el M. leprae en dos comunidades. Para la capacitación se emplearon dos metodologías docentes: la de conferencias y la de clases interactivas. Luego de la capacitación, los participantes dominaron el diagnóstico, manejo y búsqueda de pacientes, y disponían de materiales de consulta. En las entrevistas a los convivientes, se constató que todos conocían la enfermedad, peor no sus signos precoces, así mismo los pacientes refirieron no haber hablado de ella a sus nuevos contactos. Terminada la investigación se intensificó la búsqueda activa por los profesionales de atención primaria y se diagnosticaron nuevos casos en el municipio Regla, donde en varios años no se reportaban nuevos pacientes. En dos municipios camagüeyanos de alta y baja prevalencia, se efectuaron 1.290 pruebas serológicas, a los casos seropositivos (> 0,300) y lepromino positivos, se les suministro tratamiento profiláctico por 6 meses, al final todos seronegativizaron y ninguno resultó paciente. El resto que no recibieron tratamiento y su serología bajó espontáneamente. La infección por el Mycobacterium leprae se hizo evidente con baja positividad en las dos áreas de salud camagüeyanas y se ratificó el estudio seroepidemiológico como una herramienta más para la búsqueda de personas en riesgo (AU)


No disponible


Subject(s)
Humans , Leprosy/epidemiology , Early Diagnosis , Serologic Tests , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Mass Screening/methods , Health Education , Cuba/epidemiology
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